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Revision > GUMES Oral Bio > Flashcards

GUMES Oral Bio Flashcards

1
Q

which layer of the teeth does not contain collagen

A

enamel

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2
Q

what is the enamel

A

the hard mineralised coating of the crown that is brittle but resistant to abrasion

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3
Q

is enamel vascular

A

no it is not

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4
Q

what changes can enamel go through

A

it is unable to regenerate but it can undergo mineralisation changes

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5
Q

what does translucent mean

A

allows light to pass through

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6
Q

what is amelogenesis

A

enamel development

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7
Q

what is the enamel developed from

A

the ectoderm

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8
Q

which cells form enamel

A

ameloblasts

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9
Q

what are the stages of enamel formation

A

secretory and maturation stage

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10
Q

how many ameloblasts form a single rod

A

four

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11
Q

what is the rate of amelogenesis

A

4 microns per day

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12
Q

when do primary epithelial bands appear

A

at 6 weeks of pregnancy

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13
Q

what does the primary epithelial band divide into

A

dental lamina and vestibular lamina

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14
Q

what does the dental lamina form

A

the enamel

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15
Q

what are the enamel prisms

A

tightly packed masses of hydroxyapatite crystals

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16
Q

how is the enamel rod arranged to the amelocemental junction

A

perpendicular

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17
Q

how thick is enamel

A

2.5mm

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18
Q

where is enamel the thickest

A

cusps and incisal edge

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19
Q

where is enamel the thinnest

A

the cervical margin

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20
Q

how does the enamel of deciduous teeth compare to the enamel of permanent teeth

A

it is thinner

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21
Q

what percentage of weight of enamel is hydroxyapatite

A

95%

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22
Q

what percentage of volume of enamel is hydroxyapatite

A

90%

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23
Q

what percentage of enamel is water weight

A

4%

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24
Q

what percentage of enamel is water by volume

A

5-10%

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25
Q

what percentage of enamel is organic matrix by weight

A

1%

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26
Q

what percentage of enamel is organic matric by volume

A

1-2%

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27
Q

what is dentine

A

calcified tissue that surrounds pulp

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28
Q

what does dentine do

A

provide support for enamel as it is not as brittle

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29
Q

why is dentine permeable

A

due to the presence of tubules

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30
Q

are there cells in dentine

A

no, only the cell processes that extend from the pulp

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31
Q

is dentine vascular

A

no

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32
Q

how much of organic matric is ground substance in dentine

A

10%

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33
Q

how much of organic matrix is type one collagen in dentine

A

90%

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34
Q

how much of dentine by weight is hydroxyapatite

A

70%

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35
Q

how much of dentine by volume is hydroxyapatite

A

50%

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36
Q

how much of dentine by weight is water

A

10%

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37
Q

how much of dentine by volume is water

A

20%

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38
Q

how much of dentine by weight is organic matrix

A

20%

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39
Q

how much of dentine by volume is organic matrix

A

30%

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40
Q

what forms the walll of each dentinal tubule

A

intratubular dentine

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41
Q

describe the shape of dentinal tubules

A

s

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42
Q

what is found within dentinal tubules

A

odontoblast processes
nerve terminals
dendritic cells
extra cellulular fluid from the pulp

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43
Q

what is the pulp made up of

A

odontoblasts fibroblasts and defence cells

44
Q

describe the pulp

A

centre of the tooth that is innervated, vascular and containing lymphatics

45
Q

where is pulp contained

A

within the pulp chamber

46
Q

what is dentine formed from

A

the dental papilla

47
Q

what is pulp formed from

A

the dental papilla

48
Q

if pulp is exposed and there are senses like cold, hot or pressure, are they generated as seperate senses

A

no it is all generated as pain

49
Q

what are the four primary functions of pulp

A
  • form dentine
  • provide nutritents and moisturise the surrounding tissues
  • protective role through reparative dentine
  • sensory role as it transmits sensivity
50
Q

what is cementum

A

calcified substance covering the root dentine

51
Q

what forms cementum

A

cementocytes

52
Q

where are cementocytes found

A

in lacunae

53
Q

is cementum vascular

A

no

54
Q

where does cementum receives its nutrition from

A

the periodontal ligament

55
Q

what does cementum contain

A

collagen matrix

56
Q

is cementum regenerated

A

continuously

57
Q

which form of cementum is formed first

A

acellular

58
Q

which form of cementum is formed later

A

cellular

59
Q

where is cellular cementum found

A

apical root and furcation regions

60
Q

which type of cementum contains extrinsic fibres

A

acellular

61
Q

how are the extrinsic fibres orientated

A

perpendicularly

62
Q

what produces the extrinsic fibres

A

periodontal ligament fibroblasts

63
Q

what are sharpey’s fibres

A

terminal ends of principle fibres that attach tooth to the alveolar bone

64
Q

which cementum has sharpeys fibres

A

cellular

65
Q

how do the intrinsic fibres of cementum lie

A

parallel to the surface

66
Q

does cellular cementum attach tooth to the bone

A

no

67
Q

what is the periodontal ligament

A

fibrous connective tissue that joints the cementum to the alveolar bone

68
Q

how thick is the PDL

A

0.2mm

69
Q

what are the features of PDL

A

cellular
vascular
innervated

70
Q

what does the organic matrix of periodontal ligament contain

A

proteoglycans
glycoproteins
GAGs

71
Q

what are the cells of the periodontal ligament

A

fibroblasts
cementoblasts
osteoclasts
cementoclasts
epithelial cells
defence cells

72
Q

what is present in the PDL to register pain and pressure

A

nerve endings

73
Q

what do the mechanoreceptors in the PDL do

A

allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard objects

74
Q

what do nociceptors in the PDL do

A

respond to potentially damaging stimuli by causing perception of pain

75
Q

what are the two PDL fibres

A

true periodontal ligament and gingival ligament

76
Q

function of true PDL

A

adhere tooth to bone

77
Q

where is gingival PDL

A

above the alveolar crest which is the portiono f alveolar bone extending beyond the periphery of the socket

78
Q

describe the gland types in salivary glands

A

compound tubuloacinar

79
Q

when is the bicarbonate concentration of saliva high

A

at high flow rate

80
Q

what are the ions found in saliva

A

fluoride
calcium
phosphate
thiocyanate
bicarbonate

81
Q

how does bicarbonate enter the saliva

A

partially from the blood carbon dioxide and through action of carbonic anhydrase

82
Q

what is the buffering capacity of saliva

A

6.7

83
Q

how many ml of saliva is in the mouth at any one time

A

1.1ml over an area of 200 cm squared, making it 50-100 micrometres thick

84
Q

what is clearance

A

the rate at which substances are removed from the mouth

85
Q

how do plaque microorganisms generate acid

A

metabolising fermentable carbohydrates

86
Q

can alternative sweeteners be metabolised by plaque bacteria

A

no

87
Q

what are the types of sweeteners

A

bulk caloric
low caloric
non caloric

88
Q

what is xerostomia

A

this is when salivay flow rate falls below 50% of normal levels

89
Q

what can cause xerostomia

A

sjogrens syndrome
salivary stones blocking ducts
side effect to drugs

90
Q

what can saliva substitutes be based on

A

mucin or cellulose

91
Q

what does pressure on the PDL lead to

A

saliva secretion from the ipsilateral galnds

92
Q

what is the primary secretion of salivary glands produced by

A

acinar

93
Q

what is the secondary secretion of salivary glands produced by

A

ducts

94
Q

at what angle to enamel rods deposite to the ameloblast

A

right angles

95
Q

what is sulcular fluid

A

the crevicular fluid, the fluid from the epithelium lining the gingival crevice

96
Q

what is the sulcus

A

the gingival crevice

97
Q

which cells are found in the pulp

A

proteoglycans
odontoblasts
fibroblasts
lymphocytes

98
Q

what are the functions of the periodontium

A

retain the tooth in socket
resist masticatory loads
defensive barrier, protect tissues against threats from the oral environment

99
Q

what are the periodontal fibres

A
  • alveolar crest
  • horizontal
  • interadicular
  • oblique
  • trans septal group
  • apical
100
Q

where are interadicular fibres found

A

bifurcation region

101
Q

where is transeptal found

A

horizontally above the alveolar crest fibres

102
Q

functions of oral fluids

A
  • cleansing
  • mucosal protection
  • buffering
  • antimicrobial
103
Q

what is the main buffering system in saliva

A

the carbonic acid, bicarbonate system is the most important buffer in stimulated saliva due to its higher concentration

104
Q

when are phosphates important buffers

A

at rest

105
Q

when does the main buffering action of proteins occur

A

at pH lower than 5

Revision (48 decks)

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