1450-1750 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Land Based empires
Ottomans
Qing China
Mughals
Safavids
Expansion of land based empires
-Gunpowder
Ottomans: gunpowder, SW Europe and Anatolia, Constantinople sacked by Mehmed II and named Istanbul, janissary system from Christian Eastern Europeans
Safavids: Shah Ismail made it a Shia Islam empire, Shah Abbas used gunpowder and slave army of Christians
Mughals: Babur defeated Delhi Sultanate using gunpowder, Akbar expanded and was tolerant
—-tried to make his own religion, Divine Faith mix of Hinduism and Islam
—-Tolerance shown by him abolishing the jizya tax on non Muslims
—Had wives of different religions
Qing: Manchu rule after Ming using gunpowder, not ethnically Han
-Conflict (Safavid-Mughal disputes over territory, worsened by religious tension )
Administration
Ottomans: Devshirme system ensured a highly skilled bureaucracy, janissaries
Europe: Divine Right (legitimized)
Mughals: Taj Mahal (shah jahan, persian and indian syncretism)
Americas: Human sacrifice, Inca sun temple legitimized rule (ruler associated with sun god)
Qing: Kangxi’s imperial portrait, important to legitimize Manchu rule over Han population, showed him in Confucian style (books, etc)
Tokugawa Shogunate: Samurai became salaried gov employees and mainly bureaucrats
France: Versailles, legitimized and gave him power with making nobles live there
Tax Systems: Zamindar (Mughal system of letting local landowners do it), Tax Farming (Ottoman betting system), Tribute Lists (Aztecs)
Belief Systems
-Christianity went through the Protestant Reformation in 1517
—–Causes: simony, indulgences, wealth of pope, Martin Luther’s 95 theses spread through printing press
—-Various rulers were either Protestant or Catholic now, led to conflict and war
—Catholic Reformation was an attempt to reform the Catholic Church at Council of Trent
-Islam split btwn Sunni and Shia, intensified political rivalry
-Bhakti innovated Hinduism with Islamic ideas
-Sikhism blend Hinduism and Islam bc of the Mughal Empire
Causes of European Exploration
-Borrowed (compass, astrolabe, lateen sail) and new (Portuguese caravel with large cargo holds, Dutch Fluyt wind pattern understanding) tech
-More centralized power led to state sponsored exploration
-Desire to find Northwest Passage bc Muslim empires controlled the prices and trade of stuff like spices from the East
-Mercantilism (wealth in terms of gold and silver, wanted favorable balance of trade) and joint-stock companies (made it less risky)
Maritime Empires
Portugal: Henry the Navigator promoted exploration and trade in Africa, trade post empire in Asia and Africa happened, spice trade dominance, Brazil sugar plantations after Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella send Columbus, new world, Trans-Atlantic trade, defeat Atzec and Inca, Philippines
France: Wanted north aAtlantic way to Asia, Canadian land, fur trade, very trade focused (less settling)
England: 13 colonies, tried to take India from Mughals but could only establish a few trading posts
Dutch: VOC defeated Portugal and Spain, monopoly on spice trade
Columbian Exchange
-New diseases, food, plants, and animals btwn East and Western hemispheres
-Transfer of disease (smallpox) to Americas, led to the “Great Dying”
-To Americas: wheat, horses, sugar,
-To Europe: tomatoes, potatoes, corn (leads to better diet and population explosion)
Europeans in the Americas
Portuguese:
-Brazil, sugar cash crops
Resistance
-Tokugawa Japan isolates, only lets Dutch in to trade
—-They make their own flourishing culture in Edo period, urbanization, etc
-Maratha rebellion in Mughal Empire
—Maratha were Hindu warriors
—They kind of took over and made the Maratha Empire
-Enslaved resistance: maroon societies, Pueblo Revolt against Spain forcing them to convert to Christianity
Effect on Africa
-Kongo and Asante kingdoms got wealthy from slave trade
-Bad effects were loss of strong male population, introduction of guns led to conflict,
New and old trade networks
Old: Indian Ocean Network
-Asians still used it, still thriving
-Change was that Europe takes more control of it
New: Atlantic System, Triangular Trade
-Made Europe rich
-Sugar production, silver mined in Potosi (used to buy Chinese luxury goods)
-Relied on forced labor
Labor Systems
-Encomienda (coerced labor system, farming and mining)
-Haciendas (plantations that indigenous laborers were forced to work on, still coerced labor)
-Mita system (adopted by Spanish, coerced labor where villages had to send men to work in dangerous mines, etc)
-Chattel slavery
-Indentured servitude (mainly England using this)
Belief Systems
-Spain and Portugal sent Catholic missionaries, used as a justification
-Syncretism: Virgin of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Catholic and mexican mestizo), Vodun (animism and Christianity blend)
Changing Social Hierarchies
-Casta system in Latin America: peninsulares, creoles, mestizo, mulatto, indians and slaves
-Qing China- outsider rule (previously was Han rule under Ming dynasty)
-Existing elites lost power sometimes (eg Russian boyars losing power during Peter the Great’s reign)
New elites: Manchus, creoles
