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AP World > Unit 3 (1450-1700) Gunpowder Empires, Renaissance, Reformation > Flashcards

Unit 3 (1450-1700) Gunpowder Empires, Renaissance, Reformation Flashcards

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1
Q

Silk Road

A

-Network of trade routes from 130 BC to 1453 (Han Dynasty to Ottomans)
-Cities like Baghdad and Samarkand located along it
-Spread key innovations like gunpowder, compasses, paper, etc

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2
Q

Caravanserais

A

-Large inns along the silk road to house travelling merchants

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3
Q

Items traded on Silk Road

A

From East: Silk, Jade, precious stones, porcelain, tea, spices

From West: Horses, glassware, textiles, manufactured goods

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4
Q

Evolution of Silk Road Importance

A

-Height in the Tang Dynasty (700s) during the Chinese Golden Age
-Decreased when ocean trade became prominent in the late Song period
-Revived during the Pax Mongolica (1200s-1300s)
-By Ottoman rule and Age of Exploration, only used for local trade (other routes became more efficient)

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5
Q

Indian Ocean Trading Network

A

-Established before the classical period (500 bc)
-Height in 1000-12000 AD and a resurgence in 1400s
-Declined with he rise of Europe in the Age of Imperialism and steamship invention (1800s)

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6
Q

Key players on the IOTN

A

Africa:
-Raw materials (ivory, gold, animal skins)
-City-states (Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa)
-Swahili (Bantu+Arabic)

Muslim traders:
-Horses, carpets, swords
-Formed diasporic communities (Gujarat)
-Arab dhow
-Astrolabe

Southeast Asia:
-Spices
-Malacca, Srivijiya, etc

India:
-Center of the IOTN
-Calicut (pepper) and Bombay ports
-Provided monsoon winds

China:
-Chinese junk ship
-Zheng He expeditions

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7
Q

Portugal and the IOTN

A

-In the 1500s, the Portuguese, with their gunpowder weapons, tried to monopolize it
-They failed but still taxed ships and made people buy a cartaz (trade license)

-Them and other European influence led to the decline of this trade network

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8
Q

Gunpowder Empires

A

Ottomans (1299-1922)
Safavids (1501-1736)
Mughals (1526-1858)

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9
Q

Origins of Ottoman Empire

A

-Mongols/Timur had already destroyed Abbasid Dynasty (Baghdad) and defeated the Seljuk Turks
-Mongols began the gunpowder trend
-Anatolia was left weak and ready for conquering

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10
Q

Osman I

A

-Most successful ghazi prince (emir)
-Ghazis were “warriors for Islam”
-Built a small state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326
-West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans

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11
Q

What accounted for the Ottomans’ military success?

A

Gunpowder:
-Foot soldiers with muskets
-Bronze cannons to break through strong walls

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12
Q

Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror)

A

-Attacked Constantinople when he was 21
-Breached the walls (first ever to do so)
-Turned the Hagia Sophia into the biggest mosque in the world
-Constantinople was now Istanbul and open to people of all religions and backgrounds
-Center of trade routes between east and west
-Legitimized Ottoman rule by claiming he was the new Roman Caesar (taking over the Byzantine empire)

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13
Q

Selim the Grim

A

-Came to power by overthrowing his father, murdering his brothers, executing his nephews, and killing all but one of his sons
-Defeated the Safavids of Persia at Chaldiram
-Captured Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina (holiest Islamic cities)
-Conquered Cairo (ending Egyptian Mamluk Dynasty and taking the intellectual Islamic center)
-Secured the East so Suleiman could take the West

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14
Q

Suleiman I (Suleiman the Lawgiver)

A

-Selim’s son
-Ottoman empire reached its peak
-Came to power in 1520, ruled for 46 years

-Conquered Belgrade, Rhodes, Tripoli, North African coastline to Morocco, and Hungary
-Failed his Siege of Vienna so pulled back from central Europe

-Simplified the tax system and reduced the government bureaucracy which bettered citizens’ daily lives
-Interested in poetry, history, geography, math and architecture

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15
Q

Ottoman Harem

A

-Where the sultan and wives lived
-Where government ran
-Women often involved and tried to promote their sons

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16
Q

Roxelana

A

-Influential wife of Suleiman
-Got her son to be next Sultan

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17
Q

Janissaries

A

-Elite force of 30,000 men drawn from the people of conquered Christian territories (Ukraine and Russia mostly) under the devshirme system
-Could rise to high government posts
-Turned into a social class

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18
Q

Devshirme system

A

-Sultan’s army taking boys from their families, educating them, converting them to Islam, training them as soldiers
-Sometimes mother would bribe officials to take their sons so they could have a good future in the janissary corps

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19
Q

Millets

A

-Non-Muslim religious communities (Christians, Jews, etc)
-Given freedom to keep their own laws and practices because of the Quran’s teachings
-Head of each millet reported to the sultan and his staff
-Leads to Eastern European tension (groups never had to interact and learn to get along)

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20
Q

Mosque of Suleiman

A

-Designed by architect Sinan
-Masterpiece with domes and half domes
-The huge complex included schools, a college, library, bath, and hospital
-Shows cultural flourishing under Suleiman

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21
Q

Tax farming

A

-Ottoman decentralized tax system
-People bid on taxation rights
-Saved the empire money but got currupt

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22
Q

Tanzimat Reforms

A

-Ottoman attempt to reform in the 1830-70s
-Tried to modernize military, education, laws, government, etc
-Tried to be more secular
-Failed

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23
Q

Ottoman Decline

A

-Secession issues (incompetent rulers chosen)
-Military failure at Lepanto against Spain and Italy
-Nationalism (countries like Egypt, Greece, Serbia broke off )
-Empire was finally dissolved with the creation of Turkey after WWI

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24
Q

Isma’il I (1501-1524)

A

-Seized most of present day Iran starting in 1499 when he was only 12
-Took the ancient Persian title Shah (king) to start the Safavid Empire
-Made shi’a Islam the state religion and became a religious tyrant
-Lost to Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514
-Set the border between empires, current border between Iran and Iraq

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25
Tahmasp (1524-1576)
-Son of Isma'il -Learned from the defeat at Chaldiran -Used artillery (cannons) to expand to the Caucasuses (northeast of Turkey) -Brought Christians under Safavid rule
26
Shah Abbas (1587-1629)
-Abbas the great -Similar slave army to janissaries -Created a Safavid culture and golden age -Tolerant -Opened empire up to foreign influence in art -Hired foreigners for gov jobs -Made same mistake as Suleyman (left empire to incompetent grandson)
27
Safavid foreign influence
-Capital Esfahan -Chinese tiles and Armenian carpets -Chinese art -Carpet industry (showed European influence in designs eventually)
28
Mughals
-Mainly of Turkic origin from Central Asia, some Mongol blood -Name comes from Mongols -Invaded India, starting with the north -Sunni Muslims
29
Pre-Mughal India history
-Fighting between Hindus and Muslims -Mahmud of Ghazni invades around 1000 AD with his Turkish armies, destroyed Hindu monuments, etc -Delhi Sultanate (1200s-1500s), loose empire ruled by Turkish warlords -Delhi destroyed by Timur in 1398 but eventually rebuilt
30
Rajputs
-"sons of kings" -Ruled Muslim kingdoms in northwest India
31
Babur (1526-1530)
-Descended from Chinggis Khan and Timur -Inherited a small kingdom in Uzbekistan/Tajikistan, but his elders took it away -Built up an army and swept into India, laying groundwork for Mughal Empire -Strong general and defeated much bigger armies led by Dehli sultans and Rajputs
32
Akbar (1556-1605)
-Firm defender of religious freedom, married Hindu, Christian, and Muslim women -Abolished the jizya (tax on non-Muslims) -Governed through a diverse bureaucracy of foreigners -Graduated income tax -Redistributed bureaucrats' land after death -Invaded Deccan plateau and allied with Rajputs -Revived Hindu literature (Tulsi Das) -Architecture with Hindu influence (Fatepur Sikri)
33
Languages in Mughal Empire
-Persian was the official language of the court and high culture -Common people spoke Hindi (mix of Persian and a local language) -Urdu language came out of the diverse Mughal armies (mix of Arabic, Perisan, and Hindi)
34
Jahangir and Nur Jahan (1605-1627)
-Jahangir was Akbar's son -Weak ruler, left state affairs to his wife Nur Jahan -Made her father prime minister -Rejected religious tolerance, only promoted Islam -Ousted Jahangir’s son Khusrau -He went to the Sikhs (blend of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism) -Sikh leader Guru Arjun tortured to death and Sikhs become militant brotherhood because of it
35
Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
-Very cultured like his grandfather Akbar -Built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal (cultural blending, Pietra Dura) -People suffered under his rule due to famine and high taxes to fund his extravagance -Third son Aurangzeb put him in prison to secure the throne
36
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
-Master of military strategy and built the empire to its biggest size -Power of the empire weakened however due to his oppression of the people -Enforced Islamic laws like no drinking or gambling -Appointed censors to make sure people prayed -Reinstated jizya tax on non-Muslims, dismissed Hindus from top gov jobs, destroyed Hindu monuments -Hindu Rajputs rebelled -Marathas (militant Hindus) founded their own state -Sikhs started their own state, Punjab -Raised taxes on Hindu merchants to pay for these wars, led to even more rebellion
37
Mughal Decline
-Aurangzeb drained the empire's resources and lost the people's loyalty -Millions died of famine while nobles lived in luxury -Central state weakened (emperor became a figurehead while local Rajputs gained power) -Europeans started to take hold of India -Portuguese, Dutch, French and English (PDFE) -Shah Jahan let English build a trading post at Madras, Aurangzeb handed them the port of Bombay
38
The Renaissance
1300-1600 -The rebirth of art and learning -Began in northern Italy but took longer to spread to northern Europe because France and England were in the Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453) -It started in Italy due to its cities (Crusades), wealthy merchants, bubonic plague (church decline), and classical heritage
39
Medici
-Powerful family with a fortune from trade and banking -Cosimo de' Medici was essentially a dictator of Florence for 30 years (1434-1464) -Didn't hold his own office but instead influenced rulers in exchange for loaning them money -His grandson Lorenzo the Magnificent did the same thing starting in 1469 -Sponsored the arts by collecting manuscripts and opening their library to the public
40
Italy's classical heritage
-Connections to Ancient Greece and Rome -Scholars started studying the Latin manuscripts preserved in monasteries in 1300 -Reconquista -When Constantinople fell to the Ottomans (1453), Byzantine scholars fled to Rome and brought Greek manuscripts with them
41
Humanism
-Focused on human potential and achievement -Worldly values (don't worry about heaven, live your life) -Luxuries allowed, don't need to live a simple, pious life -Influenced art+architecture and popularized the study of classical subjects (history, literature, philosophy)
42
Renaissance art
-Continued the medieval trend of painting religious subjects but used more of a classical realistic style -They also started painting prominent citizens -The technique of perspective was also rediscovered
43
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
-Italian painter, sculpture, inventor, and scientist (true renaissance man) -Tried to understand things, sketches in notebooks -Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
44
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
-Italian -Portrayals of the human body, showing force and heroic grandeur -Sistine Chapel's paintings, sculpted David and Pieta
45
Raphael (1483-1520)
-Learned from studying the works of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo -Advanced realism -Painted Madonna and the Child a lot -Filled Pope Julius II's library with frescoes -One of them, "School of Athens" shows Classical and Renaissance figures together
46
Pope Julius II
-Huge patron of the arts -Commissioned Raphael to paint his library
47
Francesco Petrarch
"Father of Humanism" -Collected classical manuscripts -Poet (Laura sonnets)
48
Niccolo Machiavelli
-Wrote a book called "The Prince" -Political guidebook for gaining power and keeping it -Said most people are selfish and corrupt, so a prince must be willing to trick his enemies and people for the greater good -Not concerned with what was morally right, just what was politically effective -"The ends justify the means"
49
Northern Renaissance
-Northern humanists were more interested in the religious ideas than secular themes in Italy -Happened by artists studying in Italy and then returning as well as artists fleeing Italy (war)
50
Albrecht Durer
-German artist that traveled to Italy to study art -Self portrait of himself as a Renaissance man
51
Jan van Eyck (late 1300s-1441)
-First great Flemish Renaissance painter -Oil paint techniques -Arnolfini Marriage Portrait
52
Thomas More (1478-1535)
-Christian humanist (human advances should still serve God) -From England -Wrote in Latin -Wrote the book "Utopia" in 1516 which critiqued society
53
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
-"Greatest playwright of all time" -Commanded the English language, showed understanding of human beings -Humanism because commented on human nature and had classical themes/influences
54
History of printing
-Began in China with block printing -China started moveable type printing (not practical because alphabet is so big) -Block printing arrives in Europe in the 1200s -Johann Gutenburg reinvents movable type (1440) and then invents the printing press (converted wine press) to print the Gutenburg Bible (1455)
55
Spread of printing/books
-Books became cheap enough for many to buy them -Literacy increased, very advanced society -Vernacular use increased in writing (more than just Latin scholars could read now) -Bible printed in vernacular, more people made their own interpretations, demands for religious reforms
56
Causes of Reformation
-Renaissance emphasis on the individual and secular ideas challenged church authority -Printing press spread secular themes -Rulers resented pope's attempts to control them -Merchants hated paying church taxes to Rome -Church corruption (not educated, didn't follow vows, extravagant lives)
57
The Reformation
-Started by Martin Luther -Movement for religious reform -LEd to the founding of Christian churches who didn't accept the pope's authority
58
Martin Luther
-Became a monk in 1505 -Taught scripture at Wittenburg University in Saxony (Germany) -Started the Reformation
59
The 95 Theses
-Published by Martin Luther -Attacked "pardon-merchants" like Johann Tetzel who sold indulgences -Posted on the castle church door in Wittenburg to foster debate with scholars -Somebody took them to a printer and they spread across Germany
60
What ideas did Luther base his call for reform on?
-Salvation is only won by faith (not faith and good works) -Church teachings based on Bible (pope and church traditions are false authorities) -All people with faith are equal, priests not necessary to "interpret God"
61
Conflict due to Reformation
-German peasant revolt -Protestant vs. Catholic prince war -Thirty Years' War
62
Peace of Augsburg (1535)
-End to the fighting between Catholic and Protestant German priests -Managed by Charles V -Each state's ruler could choose their state's religion
63
Henry VIII
-Needed a male heir so he wanted a divorce -Pope didn't allow it -Changed the country to Protestantism
64
Act of Supremacy
-Passed by the Reformation Parliament -Made the English king leader of England's church (no longer the pope)
65
How did Henry VIII gain power/wealth after becoming supreme head of England's church?
-Closing all the monasteries -Seized their money and land (20% of all English land)
66
Henry VIII's legitimate kids
Ruled after his death in 1547 Edward VI -Mother was Jane Seymor (3rd wife) -King at nine years old, lasted six years -Protestants gained power Mary I -"Bloody Mary" -Mother was Catherine of Aragon -Returned English Church to pope's rule -Had Protestants killed Elizabeth I -Mother was Anne Boleyn -Returned Protestantism
67
Elizabeth I
-Had the church return to Henry VIII's setup -Became head of the Anglican church -Patron of the arts -Elizabethan age (golden age)
68
Spanish Armada
-Led by Philip II of Spain because he was Catholic -130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers -England defeated them under Elizabeth I (with the help of bad weather)
69
John Calvin
-Calvinism (type of Protestantism) -Predestination -Rules about morality -Puritans (England), Pilgrims (new world)
70
Catholic Reformation
"Counter-Reformation" -Council of Trent -Reforms (no indulgences, educated priests, stricter rules, missionary efforts) -Slowed Protestant spread
71
Society of Jesus
-Jesuits -Ignatius of Loyola -Goal was to spread Catholicism around the world -Part of the Catholic Reformation

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