Unit 6 (1750-1900) Revolutions Flashcards

Question

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Answer 1

-National Assembly took over the church's lands and said church officials/priests were now elected by property owners and paid as state officials -Done so help pay off France's debt (selling church land was better than taxing the bourgeoisies more)

Answer 2

-Implemented by National Assembly -Created a constitutional monarchy (king couldn't make the laws, only enforce them) -Created Legislative Assembly

Answer 3

-Created by the Constitution of 1791 -They could create laws and approve/prevent wars the king declared on other countries -Split between Radicals/Liberals (left wing, opposed monarchy), Moderates (centrists), and Conservatives (right-wing, monarchy supporters)

Answer 4

-Most extreme right group -Nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings -Tried to undeo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime

Answer 5

-Most extreme left group -Name means without knee breeches (they were more common people) -Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers -"The mob" was generally made up of them

Answer 6

-Austria and Prussia proposed they put Louis back on the throne (worried revolution could spread to their countries) -Angered the Legislative Assembly, who then declared war on Austria (later Prussia joined) -Europeans wanted to help Loui XVI rise to power again and preserve their own positions as monarchs

Answer 7

-July 1792: Prussian commander threatened to destroy Paris if they harmed any member of the royal family -20,000 Parisians them invaded the Tuileries (Louis's palace in Paris), massacred the 900 Swiss guards, and imprisoned Louis, Maries, and their children in a tower

Answer 8

-Parisians learned that French troops were struggling to hold back Prussia and volunteer soldiers prepared to go help them -Heard rumors that the royalists in Paris prisons would take control of the city if they left -For several days in September 1792, Parisians raided the prisons and killed over 1,000 prisoners (royalists, nobles, clergymen)

Answer 9

-Established after the summer 1792 chaos when the Legislative Assembly gave up on their constitution and limited monarchy -Fully abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic -Gave adult male citizens the right to vote and hold office (not women) -Tried Louis for treason, found guilty, sentenced him to death (killed by guillotine in January 1793)

Answer 10

-One of the political clubs that bourgeoisie men and women joined -Most radical one -Wanted to remove the king and get rid of the monarchy -Dominated the National Convention

Answer 11

-Jean Paul Marat edited a radical newspaper that called for hundreds of executions to rid France of the enemies to the revolution (killed by Charlotte) -Georges Danton joined the club as a talented speaker sand a supporter of the rights of the poor (killed by Robespierre)

Answer 12

-Radical Jacobin leader who gained a lot of power and wanted to build a "republic of virtue" -Wanted to remove traces of France's past monarchy and nobility (even got rid of churches) -Said both virtue and terror were necessary in an empire

Answer 13

-Led by Robespierre -Gave him the power to decide who should be considered an enemy of the public (and then often executed)

Answer 14

-July 1793-July 1794 when Robespierre governed as basically a dictator -Marie Antoinette killed -Other revolutionaries who questioned him killed (eg. Georges Danton (Marat already killed by a girl)) -Thousands more killed for dumb reasons (cut down a tree, served sour wine) -3,000 executed in Paris, probably 40,000 total in the Terror ----85% of them were peasants, urban poor, middle class (the common people the revolution was supposed to benefit!)

Answer 15

-A group of National Convention members turned on him -Executed by the guillotine on July 28,1794

Answer 16

-After Robespierre's death, moderate leaders came up with a new gov in 1795 -Executive body of five men called the Directory (upper middle class, moderate group) -The Directory brought France a period of order after so much chaos

Answer 17

-Born in 1769 in Corsica (right after annexed by France) -Went to a military school in France, rose through the ranks in the French Revolution -Became first consul during coup d'etat (had extreme power, controlled all gov basically) -Crowned himself emperor in 1804, returns France to a monarchy (even more controlling than pre-revolution)

Answer 18

-Treaty Napoleon made with Catholic church to keep the peace -Recognized Catholicism as the majority religion and allowed them to hold processions and reopen seminaries, bur didn't give them back their old land -Kept the church happy, but also kept the new land owners happy and loyal to him

Answer 19

-Napoleon codified French laws (not done before) -Preserved revolution gains like equality under law, religious tolerance ,abolition of serfdom and feudalism, property rights, etc -Did undo some stuff with families/divorce/women: ---Fathers now had control over family, divorce was hard for women ,women's property was her husband's, not taken seriously in court (treated as a minor) -Napoleon tried to spread this throughout Europe (along with general ideas of destroying old order, etc)

Answer 20

-Public school system -National bank -Standard weight and measures -Merit-based bureaucracy (promotions based on skill, not past revolution/monarchy supporter status or class)

Answer 21

-Britain's power was in its navy, impossible for Napoleon to invade (defeated French+Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805) -Napoleon tried to use the Continental System to defeat them economically (preventing British goods from getting to mainland Europe) -----Failed bc Europe resisted and Britain had other places to ship like Latin America

Answer 22

-Emerged during the French Revolution (banding together, brotherhood: "fraternity") -Harnessed by Napoleon to go and fight these wars -Spread beyond France, accidentally hurting Napoleon -France was a common enemy, people joined together and rose up

Answer 23

-Invaded them because they weren't following the Continental System -600,000 man army into Russia -Russia refused to fight: they would retreat and burn their villages to not give France food and relief -Napoleon won at Borodino but lost a lot of men -Reached Moscow, found it ablaze -Had to make the "Great Retreat" back across Russia in winter, only 40,000 men made it back to Poland -Led to more liberation wars around Europe, leading to his defeat

Answer 24

-Bourban monarchy was restored to France (Louis XVIII) and Napoleon exiled to Elba (island) -Napoleon returns to France, wins support of army in 1815 -Fought allied forces in Belgium, but defeated at Waterloo by a British+Prussian army led by Duke of Wellington -Exiled to a small island (St. Helena) in the South Atlantic, no more power

Answer 25

Haiti: -Boukman -Toussaint L'Ouverture -Jean-Jacques Dessalines South America: -Simon Bolivar -Jose de San Martin Mexico: -Miguel Hidalgo -Jose Morelos -Agustin de Iturbide Brazil: -Dom Pedro

Answer 26

-French colony (now Haiti) that occupied the western third of Hispaniola (in the Caribbean) -Majority of its population was its 500,000 slaves who were at the bottom of the system and worked on plantations -The slaves outnumbered the masters so they used brutal methods to keep them powerless -Extremely valuable due to sugar production

Answer 27

-Voodoo ceremony -African priest Boukman calls for revolution in Haiti -Possessed woman dances to all the plantations, getting people to join the cause -After a few days, 100,000 slaves rose up

Answer 28

-Ex-slave -Emerged as a leader in the Haitian revolution -Freed slaves in Santo Domingo (other part of Hispaniola) -Wins and gets rid of slavery, makes himself governor, etc -Napoleon comes into power and sends troops -Tricks him and puts him in prison in the French Alps

Answer 29

-Toussaint's general who took over after he was imprisoned -Declared Haiti ("mountainous land") an independent country, first black colony to free itself from European control

Answer 30

-After Napoleon loses Haiti, he has to sell this territory to make some money back (Haiti was very valuable)

Answer 31

Peninsulares- born in Spain, only ones who could hold office Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America, couldn't hold high political offices but could be officers in the Spanish colonial armies Mestizos-People of European and Indian mixed ancestry Mulattos- Mixed European and Africa descent Africans- Higher than Indians because they had more value to them Indians- Most oppressed bc no value to the Spaniards

Answer 32

-Creoles educated in Enlightenment ideas, felt they faced injustice and oppression -When Napoleon put his brother on Spain's throne (replacing Ferdinand VII), they felt no loyalty to this king and wanted to break free of Spain

Answer 33

-Wealthy Venezuelan creole who was called "Libertador" -1819 crossed the Andes and defeated the surprised army in Bogota (Colombia) -Won Venezuelan independence by 1821 -Met with San Martin in Ecuador in 1822, got control of his army -Defeated Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) in 1824 -Wanted to create Gran Colombia (failed, broke apart)

Answer 34

-Born in Argentina, but spent early life in Spain as a military officer -Argentina declared independence in 1816 but Spanish forces in Chile and Peru were still a threat -San Martin eld his army across the Andes to Chile, which he freed with Bernardo O'Higgins's help -1821, took his army to Lima but needed more forces -Met with Bolivar in Ecuador in 1822, gave Bolivar his army -Went to Europe, died quietly in 1850

Answer 35

-Indians and mestizos rather than creoles

Answer 36

-Priest in a small village Dolores -Poor but well educated, especially in Enlightenment -First step towards independence in 1810: ----Rand the bell of his village church, peasants gathered, called for revolution ----"Grito de Delores"- the cry of Dolores -Next day, Hidalgo and 60,000 followers marched to Mexico City, Spanish army + creoles joined together against Hidalgo

Answer 37

-After Hidalgo defeated in 1811, rebels rallied around him -Led the revolution for four years until defeated in 1815 by creole Agustin de Iturbide

Answer 38

-Creoles want more political power, so they switch sides and help the revolution -Creole Agustin de Iturbide proclaimed independence in 1821 -Central American states declared independence from Spain and Mexico, Iturbide refused to recognize this -Iturbide declared himself emperor but was overthrown in 1823, Central America became United Provinces of Central America (independent)

Answer 39

-Prince John (later King John VI) and royal family boarded ships to escape capture, also taking the court and royal treasury ----They went to Brazil (their biggest colony) -In 1822, creoles demanded Brazil's independence from Portugal ----8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking Dom Pedro (King John's son) to rule, he agreed ----Later in 1822, Dom Pedro officially called for independence -This was a bloodless revolution

Answer 40

-Brought poverty since war disrupted trade and devastated cities and countryside -The dream of a unified Latin America fell apart: ---Bolivar's united Gran Colombia divided into Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela (1830) -United Provinces of Central America split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras (1841)

Answer 41

-Conservative reaction to French Revolution -After Waterloo, diplomats and heads of state sat down to restore stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war -Led by Prince Metternich (Austria) -Principle of Legitimacy (restored hereditary monarchs from pre revolution, like Louis XVIII) -Redrew maps to tame France (surrounded by Netherlands and Prussia now)

Answer 42

-Pushed for by Metternich -Peacemaking organization that included all major European states -Each pledged to help keep balance of power and suppressing uprisings similar to the French Revolution -Generally pretty good (no large scale war for 100 years), but didn't consider the force of nationalism

Answer 43

-Powerful force in the 1800s that fueled the creation of nation-states -People united by a common history, culture, world-view, language, etc instead of loyalty to a king -Broke up Austro-Hungary, the Russian Empire, and and the Ottoman Empire because they were all a jumble of ethnic groups

Answer 44

-Made up of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians -Emperor Francis Joseph split his empire in half, with Hungary and Austria being independent states (he ruled them both though) -After WWI, Austria-Hungary continued to crumble into separate nation-states

Answer 45

-Made up of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks -The Romanov's strict policy of Russification (imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups like Jews (eg. pogroms)) increased nationalism -After WWI and the Communist Revolution, the last czar gave up power in 1917

Answer 46

-Made up of Turks, Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians -After being pressured by Britain+France, in 1856, the Ottomans did reforms for equal citizenship for everyone under their rule -----This caused tension with conservative Turks who were used to having a higher standing than others -1915 Armenian genocide (Young Turks, nationalism) -The Ottoman Empire broke apart soon after WWI

Answer 47

-Austria ruled the northern Italian provinces (Venetia and Lombardy) -Spanish Bourbans ruled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies (southern Italy) -After this, there was growing Italian discontent which eventually led to Italian unification

Answer 48

-In 1832, at age 26, he organized a nationalist group called Young Italy (all under 40 years old) -Revolts broke out in 1848 and Mazzini briefly headed a republic gov at Rome, hoping to make a nation-state -The former rulers of the Italian states drove him and other nationalist leaders into exile eventually

Answer 49

-Largest and most powerful Italian state -King Victor Emmanuel II ruled it -Adopted a liberal constitution in 1848, so Italian middle class people wanted to unite under them

Answer 50

-Appointed prime minister of Sardinia in 1852 by King Victor Emmanuel II -Wealthy aristocrat, built Sardinia's power through diplomacy and alliances -Uniting Italy was an aftereffect, he was really just trying to strengthen Sardinia -Allied with Napoleon III to drive Austria out from Lombardy and Venetia (took back all of northern Italy but Venetia) -Started secretly helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy

Answer 51

-Captured Sicily in 1860 with a small nationalist army ("Red Shirts") -Started marching further north and gaining followers -Elected to unite the southern areas he conquered with Piedmont-Sardinia ----Stepped aside to let King Emmanuel II rule

Answer 52

-Tension between industrialized (and just economically better) north and agricultural (and less developed) south -Arguments in parliament, prime ministers and cabinets changed frequently -Economic problems -Peasant revolts in south, strikes and riots in the north

Answer 53

-Loose group created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna -Made up of 39 states: largest were Austria-Hungary and Prussia

Answer 54

-King of Prussia -Hoped to reform the army and double the size of the Prussian military (Liberal parliament refused to give him money for this) -Supported in this view by the Junkers -Eventually kaiser of the Second Reich

Answer 55

-Conservative, wealthy, landowning class in Prussia -Supported Wilhelm I

Answer 56

-Junker who was made prime minister to help Wilhelm deal with the parliament issue -Became a master at realpolitik ("politics of reality"), politics with no idealism -Wanted to expand Prussia (loyalty to Wilhelm and just gaining more power)

Answer 57

-Formed an alliance with Austria and went to war against Denmark ----Won two provinces, Schleswig (went to Prussia) and Holstein (went to Austria)

Answer 58

-Purposely prompted by Bismarck by stirring up border conflicts over Schleswig and Holstein ---Led Austria to declare war in 1866 -Prussia won fast bc of their superior training and equipment -Austrians lost Venetia (given to Italy) and Prussia got more German territory -Northern German Confederation formed, east and west Prussia joined together, Prussia truly dominated Germany

Answer 59

-Purposely prompted by Bismarck in order to win southern support (war would unite them) ----Published an altered telegram that made it seem like Wilhelm I insulted the French ----France declared war on Prussia in 1870 -Quickly defeated main French force at Sedan and took 80,000 prisoners (including Napoleon III) -Paris held out for a few months, but after two much hunger, they surrendered -Did lead to nationalism in the south and a unified Germany under Prussian rule

Answer 60

-In 1871, at the captured Versailles, Wilhelm I was crowned kaiser (emperor) of the new empire -Called the second reich bc the first was the Holy Roman Empire

Answer 61

-Emerged in the late 1700s -Connected with nationalism -Turned against Enlightenment reason, more focused on emotions and nature -Imagination, exotic things, nature, idealizing the past, glorifying heroes, cherishing folk traditions, valuing the common people, promoting change and democracy

Answer 62

Lord Byron- poet, also joined nationalism efforts and fought for Greece Wordsworth- poet, nature Mary Shelley (Gothic novel Frankenstein) Johann Wolfgang van Goethe- "The Sorrows of Young Werther", story of a man driven to suicide after a love for a married woman Victor Hugo- Les Miserables, Hunchback of Notre Dame, struggles of individuals in hostile societies Brothers Grimm- German brothers, collected fairytales and made a German dictionary

Answer 63

Franz Liszt- became very famous ("pop star") Ludwig Van Beethoven Frederic Chopin- used Polish dance rhythms

Answer 64

-Mid 1800s -Came from industrialization, which made romanticism seem pointless -Showed life how it really was -Reflected importance of the working class, showed workers' suffering

Answer 65

-First practical photographs -Named for inventor Louis Daguerre -Part of realism movement -William Talbot's process of using a light-sensitive paper to make photographic negatives allowed photos to be reproduced in books and newspapers (photography became widespread)

Answer 66

-Movement against photography and realism -Showing an impression of a subject/moment in time, not necessarily how it "really was" -Fascination with light: used pure and shimmering colors in their art

Answer 67

Painters: -Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir -Showed a more positive view of urban society (shop clerks, actors, dancers, instead of abused workers) Composers: -Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy -Used music to create the impression of light, a warm day, the sea, etc

Unit 6 (1750-1900) Revolutions Flashcards

(91 cards)