1900-Present Flashcards
(32 cards)
States Fall Apart
Ottomans:
-Tanzimat reforms failed, so Young Ottomans called for liberal reforms and Young Turks overthrew the sultan in 1908 and did reforms (made school secular, elections, Turkish official language)
-Minority groups had their own nationalism
-Finally broke apart after WW1 with the mandate system
Russia:
-Middle class resented Nicholas II’s absolute rule (saw his failures in Russo-Japanese War, WWI eventually, corruption with Rasputin, scarcity of bread)
-Uprisings like in 1905
-Russian Revolution (1917) led by Bolshevik Vladimir Lenin (communist), starts USSR
Qing:
-China was doing poorly (spheres of influence, loss of Sino-Japanese War, opium wars, Taiping Rebellion)
-Boxer Rebellion
-Power struggles, eventually dynasty tradition ends with Sun Yat-sen taking over 1912
Mexico:
-Revolts against Diaz (dictator, worked with the US with fre market stuff)
-Madero made pres
-Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led peasant armies
-Revolution complete by 1917, new constitution made them a republic
MANIA
Militarism: Germany builds up military, Britain does the same (especially navy)
Alliances: Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) and Triple Alliance (Germany, A-H, Italy)
Nationalism: Serbian nationalism
Imperialism: competition over colonial holdings
Assassination: Archduke Franz Ferdinand killed in Bosnia by member of the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist group)
WWI
-“total war” everyone involved, economies worked for the war
-New tech (machine guns, chemical gas, tanks) made it very deadly, especially when civilians targeted
-Trench warfare
-Colonies fought for their mother country
-Mobilization done by propaganda (used nationalism)
-US entered in 1917
-Ended in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles
—Wilson 14 points, League of Nations, punishing Germany war guilt clause
League of Nations
-Created based on Wilson’s points
-Used mandate system
-Meant former colonies (including Germans’) would be mandates until ready for independence (new form of colonialism)
Great Depression
-US 1929 stock market crash
-Bad bc often times Europe was reliant on US
-FDR’s new deal
-Helped lead to rise of fascist leaders like Hitler and Nazis
-Led to govs taking a more active role in economy (New Deal, 5 year plans, etc)
USSR after WWI
-Went through 1917 revolution during/because of the war
-Lenin did his NEP (new economic plan) which was relatively successful
-Stalin had his Five Year Plans (rapid industrialization, collectives, etc)
—-Holodomor cause
Japan after WWI
-Expanded empire with conquest:
-Invaded Manchuria in 1931, LON says no, they leave LON and continued expanding
India after WWI
-Rowlatt Act said Britain could imprison people without trial
-Amritsar Massacre
-Indian National Congress (formed 1800s) grew in popularity as the independence movement progressed
-Gandhi started doing stuff (salt march, civil disobedience, boycotting) which led to post WWII independence
Causes of WWII
-Unstable peace from Treaty of Versailles (Italy denied territorial gain, Germany mad, etc)
-Continued imperialist stuff (Japan’s co prosperity party, Italy invading Ethiopia, Hitler tries to expand)
-Global economic crises like Great Depression
-Rise of fascist/totalitarian stuff
—-Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler (extreme nationalism)
-Hitler ignores Treaty of Versailles (eg remilitarizes the Rhineland, cancels reparation payments)
-Appeasement by Britain until…
-1939 invasion of Poland lead Britain and France to declare war
WWII
-Total war again
-Alliances: Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) vs Allied Powers (Britain, France, Soviets, US)
-Mobilized people with propaganda (eg Churchill, Stalin)
-Firebombing, Blitzkrieg, atomic bomb developed by US
Mass Atrocities
-Armenian Genocide (Young Turks made Ottoman state more Turkic, scared Christian Armenians would help the enemies in WWI, so mass extermination of up to 1.5 mil)
-Holocaust- “final solution” 6 mil jews 5 mil others
-Holodomor- USSR breadbasket Ukraine, rebellions of burning crops and breaking tools, etc,
Shift in Power After WWII
-US and Soviet Union rise to global dominance
US Advantages:
-Not a lot of damage
-Most prosperous (shown by Marshall plan)
-Technological advancements (like atomic bomb)
-Industrial output increased, good economy from WWII (saved them from Great Depression)
Soviet Advantages:
-Big population
-Command economy, natural resources, huge territory
Cause of Cold War
-Different ideologies (democratic/capitalist vs authoritarian/communitst)
-Mistrust after WWII with Yalta/Potsdam satellite country election stuff
Non-Aligned Movement
-Some countries didn’t want to be helping either the Soviets or the Americans out of fear of becoming dependent
-Would later be called the “third world”
Effects of Cold War
-Mutual Assured Destruction
-Military alliances (NATO and Warsaw Pact)
-Proxy Wars like Korea, Vietnam (Nicaragua Contras vs Sandanistas, Angolan civil war) to fight without actually fighting
China and Communism
-It was a republic and people thought they were getting to be too reliant on the west
-Mao Zedong and communists opposed Nationalists and took control with the help of the Soviets (Nationalists established their gov in Taiwan)
-Mao collectivized agriculture (pretty good) and had rapid industrialization with the Great Leap Forward (BIG FAIL GOODS LOW QUALITY AND 50 MIL STARVED)
Egypt
-Nasser and redistribution of land and resources
-Seized the Suez Canal and were supported by Soviets when there was conflict, but they won
Cuba
-Fidel Castro led revolution in 1956 to make it a communist state
-Wanted to get rid of ties (dependence) to US
-Soviet support, land distribution, wage raises, nationalized US corporations’ land
-US failed to overthrow (Bay of Pigs), got closer with Soviets (Cuban Missile Crisis)
End of Cold War
Happened bc of Soviet Collapse in 1991:
-Advances in US military and tech (Raegan spending) made Soviets try to keep up (economic decline)
-Failed invasion of Afghanistan (tried to keep the communist regime in power, failed after 9 years of fighting and resource draining)
-Gorbachev’s reforms (eg glasnost, not invading countries with dissidents) hurt them
-Lots of independence movements (Poland)
-1989 Berlin Wall fell, reunification of Germany
Decolonization
Negotiated:
-India (INC, Gandhi, Britain was broke, partition of India)
-French West Africa
Armed Conflict:
-Algeria from France (Strict laws and violence against Algerians, guerilla tactics used, Charles de Gaul declares loss for France)
-Indochina (Vietnam, Ho Chi Min kicks France out and it splits into North and South Vietnam)
-Egypt got rid of the English troops in Egypt (technically already independent) after Suez incident
-Quebec failed to become independent
Israel
-Palestine was a mandate after WWI
-Zionism, Balfour declaration, Jews in Palestine
-After WWII, UN said they should split into two states, Arabs didn’t want to give up land though
-Several Arab-Israeli wars occurred
Migration
-To metropoles for work (South Asians to Britain, Algerians to France, Filipinos to US)
-Maintained cultural and economic ties with former colonies
-Transformed white and homogeneous societies into multiethnic ones
Nonviolent Resistance
-Gandhi (Indian National Congress member, homespun movement, salt march)
-MLK (leads to reintegration of schools, civil rights legislation)
Nelson Mandela (African National Congress leader, anti apartheid, strikes, boycotts, etc)
Terrorism
-Al Qaeda founded by Saudi billionaire Osama vin Laden
-Militant Islamic group hated US for their involvement in the Middle East
-9/11
