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Molecular Basis of Life > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is a catabolic pathway

A

Metabolic pathway that releases stored energy by breaking down complex molecules

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2
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

Reaction that involves reduction and oxidation
R - gain of electrons
O - loss of electrons

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3
Q

What is NAD and which form is oxidised and which form is reduced

A

A coenzyme that is a high energy electron carrier
O - NAD+
R - NADH

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4
Q

What are the 3 steps in cellular respiration and where do they occur

A

Glycolysis - Cytoplasm
Pyruvate oxidation and Kreb’s cycle - Mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation - Inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

step 1 - What does Hexokinase (with 1 ATP) convert glucose into

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

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6
Q

step 2 - Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted into one of its isomer - which one and what enzyme is used

A

Fructose-6-Phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase

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7
Q

step 3 - A phosphate group is then added to Fructose-6-phosphate using 1 ATP- what is made and what enzyme is used

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Phosphofructokinase

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8
Q

step 4 - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into one of 2 2 3C molecules - What are these and what enzyme is used

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
Aldolase

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9
Q

step 5 - G3P and DHAP can be converted between one another by what enzyme

A

Isomerase

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10
Q

step 6 - Each G3P is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate - what enzyme does this and what is produced

A

Triose phosphate dehydrogenase
NADH

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11
Q

step 7 - Phosphoglycerokinase breaks down 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into what - what is produced

A

3-Phosphoglycerate
1 ATP

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12
Q

step 8 - The phosphate group is moved onto another carbon in 3-Phosphoglycerate to form what - what enzyme is used

A

2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase

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13
Q

step 9 - 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP) - what enzyme does this and what is formed

A

Enolase
1 H2O

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14
Q

What are the net products formed from glycolysis from 1 glucose molecule

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 H2O

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14
Q

step 10 - Outline the product formed from PEP, what enzyme is used and what else is produced

A

Pyruvate
Pyruvate Kinase
1 ATP

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15
Q

What multienzyme is used in Pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

16
Q

step 1 - What is removed from pyruvate to form a 2C fragment and what else is produced

A

Carboxyl group
CO2

17
Q

step 2 - What is formed when the 2C fragment is oxidised and what else is produced

A

Acetate
NADH

18
Q

step 3 - What happens to the acetate group

A

Coenzyme A is added to form Acetyl CoA

19
Q

What are the net products formed from Pyruvate oxidation from 1 glucose molecule

A

2 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH

20
Q

What are the net products formed from the Kreb’s cycle

A

4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH

21
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

When an enzyme adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

22
Q

What are the three main steps in oxidative phosphorylation

A

ETC, Chemiosmosis and ATP synthase

23
Q

Give a basic over view of the ETC (3)

A

Electrons are donated by carriers to ETC
Energy is lost each time they move from one protein complex to another
This energy is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space

24
Q

What are the prosthetic groups on the innermembrane proteins also called

A

Redox centres

25
Q

Where are NADH’s (2) and FADH’s electrons transferred to - what is the redox centre

A

NADH - Complex I - FMN then FE.S
FADH - Complex II - FE.s

26
Q

What are the electrons passed to after complex I and II - why can it move within the membrane

A

Ubiquone / Coenzyme Q
It is a non-proteinous hydrophobic enzyme

27
Q

What are complex III and IV made up of

A

Cytochromes

28
Q

Where do the electrons end up at the end of the ETC

A

With oxygen to form water

29
Q

How is the PMF created

A

As electrons move down the ETC the transmembrane complexes use the energy to pump H+ ions from the matric into the innermembrane space

30
Q

Where do the H+ ions enter the ATP synthase

A

At the Stator

31
Q

H+ then enters the rotor causing what to lead to what

A

A conformational change leading to the spinning of the rotor

32
Q

What does the spinning rotor also cause to spin

A

The rod

33
Q

What does the rod extend into and what does this activate

A

Catalytic knob
Catalytic sites to allow joining of ADP to Pi

34
Q

Overall net gains of ATP for Cellular respiration

A

30 ATP

35
Q

3 reasons why an exact number of ATP molecules cannot be stated

A

Phosphorylation and redox are not directly coupled - ATP won’t be a whole number
PMF can be used to drive other kinds of work
Yield will vary depending on proteins used to transport electrons

Molecular Basis of Life (16 decks)

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