Diabetes Guest Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what is the typical age for someone with T2D?

A

over 40 years of age

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2
Q

is the onset of T2D gradual or quick?

A

gradual

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3
Q

are there symptoms with T2D?

A

may or may not have symptoms, related to complications

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4
Q

is insulin required for T2D?

A

required for some (have endogenous insulin)

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5
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A

glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.

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6
Q

what is prediabetes?

A

term for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) & impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) place individuals at risk of developing diabetes and its complications.
- impaired fasting glucose (6.1-6.9 mmol/L) or impaired glucose tolerance (7.8-11 mmol/L).

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7
Q

what factors are included with metabolic syndrome?

A

–Prediabetes/diabetes
–BP > 130/85 mm/Hg
–TG > 1.7 mmol/L
–HDL < 1.0 mmol/L (men); 1.3 (women)
–Abdominal obesity > 102 cm (men); 88 (women)

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8
Q

what are the three factors of T2D?

A

obesity, sedentary lifestyles, aging population
- Is a heterogeneous disorder

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9
Q

what metabolic defects characterize T2D?

A
  • insulin resistance;
  • an insulin secretory defect that is not autoimmune-mediated; and
  • an increase in glucose production by the liver.
  • Incretin hormones and the gut
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10
Q

what nutrition advice is given to people with T2D?

A
  1. Nutrition counselling by a Registered Dietitian.
  2. Follow Canada’s Food Guide
  3. Choose low glycemic index carbohydrates.
  4. Minimizing sucrose and sucrose-containing foods
  5. Consume < 7% of total daily energy from saturated fats and should limit intake of trans fatty acids to a minimum.
  6. Other dietary patterns –Mediterranean & Vegan!
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11
Q

what are protective factors associated with Mediterranean diet:

A

higher intake of vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, whole grains, cheese/yogurt, fish and monounsaturated fats

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12
Q

intermittent fasting is a good treatment for obesity. t or f

A

t

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13
Q

do LCD or VLCD improve weight loss?

A

improvements in weight loss, diabetes remission and lipid profiles

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14
Q

what physical activity advice should be given to people with T2D?

A
  • Accumulate 150 minutes of aerobic exercise/week (spread over at least 3 days of the week).
  • Resistance exercise at least 2 times per week
  • People with possible CVD or microvascular complications should be assessed
  • Prolonged sitting is the new smoking – covid-19
  • Think HIIT or fitness snacks
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15
Q

How does smoking affect diabetes and chronic conditions?

A
  • Smoking in people with diabetes is an independent risk factor for all cause mortality.
  • Increases risk of MI, stroke and progression to end stage renal disease (chronic kidney disease).
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16
Q

what stress management advice should be given to people with T2D?

A
  • should be screened routinely for psychological distress and psychiatric disorders.
  • Interview or by standardized questionnaires.
  • Should offer stress management strategies (coping skills training, behavioural therapy, family therapy, case management and/or pharmacotherapy if required)
17
Q

what does structured lifestyle modification include for T2D?

A

moderate weight loss and regular physical activity

18
Q

CPG’s address lifestyle modification to prevent/delay T2DM in some with:

A

a) healthy eating; & b) increasing physical activity.

19
Q

what medications can help regulate metabolic hormones, help with weight loss?

A

incretins

20
Q

what is involved in T2D remission?

A
  • Achieving glycated hemoglobin (A1C between 6.0% and 6.4%)
  • no medications for 3 months
  • Low-calorie (~800 to 850 kcal/day) diets with meal replacement products (3 to 5 months) aimed at achieving >15 kg body weight loss.
  • Exercise training (aiming for 240 to 420 min/week of structured physical activity spread over 5 days per week) to promote modest weight loss (~5% to 7% of initial body weight)
21
Q

what 3 factors are involved in NCD prevention?

A
  • healthy eating (sodium restriction, high fibre)
  • physical activity (wt loss, cardio/wt training)
  • healthy lifestyle (smoking cessation, stress management an alcohol intake)
22
Q

studying what can help provide organisms hereditary info?

A

studying the genome

23
Q

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) are being led to determine what?

A

cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes in humans

24
Q

what does studying our environment geographically involve?

A

urbanization, pollution, walkability, bike friendly cites

25
Q

what does studying the chemical environment involve?

A

studying the chemicals that are disrupting our endocrine system (mimic estrogens)…known as obesogens.

26
Q

is DNA mutated?

A

no, but expressed differently
- Occurs as early as in utero.
- Ex. Tributyltin, bisphenol A, DEHP, nicotine.

27
Q

what are the biggest risk factors for NCD?

A
  • tobacco use
  • unhealthy diet
  • physical activity
  • harmful use of alcohol (stress)