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NUTRITION - BIOCHEM > Weight Management and Disordered Eating > Flashcards

Weight Management and Disordered Eating Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what is the source of energy in our food?

A

macronutrients

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2
Q

Storing _______ as energy is the most energy efficient

A

dietary fat

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3
Q

what percentage of the energy from fat is used to store it?

A

2-3%

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4
Q

Converting excess macronutrients for storage is a multistep process that requires what?

A

energy

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5
Q

how is dietary protein used for energy storage?

A
  1. Used to synthesize proteins
  2. Excess is converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis) and used for energy or stored as glycogen
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6
Q

how is dietary carbs used for energy storage?

A
  1. Used to maintain blood glucose levels and stored as glycogen
  2. Excess is used for energy
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7
Q

how is dietary fats used for energy storage?

A
  1. Used for energy
  2. Excess is stored as fat
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8
Q

how much kcal of glycogen is stored in the liver an muscle?

A

1400 kcal

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9
Q

how much kcal of glucose or free fatty acids is stored in the body fluids (blood)?

A

100 kcal

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10
Q

how much kcal of triglycerides is stored in the adipose tissue?

A

115, 000 kcal

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11
Q

how much kcal of functional protein is stored in the muscle?

A

25, 000 kcal

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12
Q

what is the total amount of kcal for glycogen, glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and functional protein?

A

141, 500 kcal

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13
Q

Energy Intake - Energy Requirements =

A

0

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14
Q

Positive Energy Balance = Extra Energy =

A

energy storage

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15
Q

Negative Energy Balance = Insufficient Energy =

A

depletion of stores

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16
Q

Consuming more energy then needed will results in:

A

energy storage

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17
Q

Consuming less energy then needed will result in:

A

use of energy reserves

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18
Q

Energy needs will directly impact:

A

energy balance

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19
Q

what is Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)?

A

EER = Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR, REE) + Activity Level (Exercise and Non-exercise) + Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

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20
Q

what factors influence BMR?

A

Age and Gender
Height and Weight
Life Stage (Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence)
Hormones (i.e. Thyroid Hormone)
Stress, Fever, Illness
Genetics
Drugs and other compounds (e.g. caffeine)
Starvation and Fasting

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21
Q

what are external cues for energy intake?

A

Time
Food Availability
Food Quality
Social Norms and Influences

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22
Q

what are internal cues for energy intake?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hunger and Satiety
Emotions (e.g. Stress, Boredom)

23
Q

what hormone is associated with hunger?

24
Q

what factors/hormones decrease food intake?

Study These Flashcards
A

Vagal stimulation
Leptin
GLP-1
CCK
Insulin

25
what is the percentage of normal wt, overwt and obese in Canada?
normal: 40% over: 34% obese: 27%
26
Obesity is associated with increased risk of what chronic diseases?
T2D sleep apnea gall bladder disease joint disorders breast cancer colon cancer CVD
27
in CVD, high levels of VLDL affect normal metabolism of:
lipoproteins
28
how does CVD develop?
- Transfer of cholesterol and triglycerides between lipoproteins - Production of small dense-LDL which can infiltrate vascular tissue and become oxidized, starting a plaque
29
how do you calculate the BMI?
BMI = wt (kg) / [ht(m)]^2
30
why is BMI is less effective at the individual level?
- Doesn’t factor in lean muscle mass vs. adipose tissue - Location of adipose tissue is an important consideration - Ignores metabolic markers of disease risk and mental health
31
what is Leptin?
critical regulator of energy intake and expenditure - Serves as an indicator of energy stores
32
Adipose cells have an average lifespan of what?
9.5 years - its impact on energy intake can make weight management difficult
33
what happens when the body goes into energy saver mode?
BMR decreases (conserve energy) Activity decreases (conserve energy) Leptin decrease = increased hunger (increase food intake) - These factors make it easier to regain a positive energy balance, allowing adipose cells to refill
34
what behaviour modification factors assist in weight management?
Substitutions as opposed to eliminations Protein to increase satiety Water as a drink of choice Nutrient dense as opposed to energy dense foods Reduced processed foods
35
what is suggested in weight loss programs?
Low Calorie (e.g. Weight Watchers) Prepared Meals/Drinks Low Fat Low Carbohydrate (e.g. Paleo, Keto, Atkins) Intermittent Fasting Gluten-Free
36
what pharmacotherapy treatments are offered in Canada?
Orlistat – pancreatic lipase inhibitor Liraglutide and Semaglutide – GLP-1 agonists Naltrexone and bupropion – hunger suppression
37
what weight loss surgeries are available?
Bariatric Surgery - Gastric Banding (top) - Gastric Bypass (bottom) - Sleeve Gastroectomy
38
after wt loss surgery, what needs to be maintained?
Requires lifelong changes in diet and lifestyle to accommodate changes in absorption
39
how does the American Psychiatric Association Definition of an eating disorder?
“a disorder characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning.”
40
Societal pressures, psychological factors combine to develop what?
distorted body image
41
what factors are associated with the causation of eating disorders?
distorted body image genetics can play a factor - Personality, body type
42
when do eating disorders typically arise?
in adolescence
43
CCHS reports that what percentage of Canadian girls and women (aged 15-24) were at risk of an eating disorder?
3.8%
44
are incidence of eating disorders among males increasing or decreasing?
increasing
45
what percentage of girls in grade 9 and 10 have reported trying to lose weight in the last year?
30%
46
what is Anorexia Nervosa?
- Persistent restriction of energy intake that leads to significant low body weight - Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat - Disturbed body image
47
what are the subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa?
Restricting Type Binge-eating/Purging Type
48
what is Bulimia Nervosa?
- Repeated binging episodes with a feeling of lack of control over eating - Repeated compensation after binging of vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain - One episode of binging and compensatory behavior per week - Disturbed Body Image - Does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervorsa
49
what is Binge-eating Disorder?
- Most common eating disorder - Binge eating without compensatory behaviors - Characterized by eating more than needed and intense feeling of guilt and shame
50
what is the female athlete triad?
- Disordered eating due to pressures to maintain lean, thin and athletic bodies - Energy restriction paired with excessive exercise can upset hormonal balance - Low estrogen levels can lead to amenorrhea (stopping of menstruation) - Low food intake and low estrogen can impact nutrient intake, especially calcium
51
Adipose tissue releases
Adipokines
52
Adiponectin
Anti inflammatory and insulin sensitizing
53
Resistan and TNF alpha
Pro inflammatory and increases insulin resistance

NUTRITION - BIOCHEM (22 decks)

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