Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

a fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus where it implants into the:

Answer 1

uterine lining

Question 2

the cells of the embryo begin to differentiate, arrange themselves and begin organ development at what stage of development?

Answer 2

During the embryonic stage of development (2-8 weeks)

Question 3

during which stage of development does the fetus continue to grow, developing the internal and external organ structures?

Answer 3

fetal stage of development

Question 4

what is the placenta?

Answer 4

an organ that develops during pregnancy to facilitate transfer of nutrients to the growing fetus and the removal of waste products
- It is made up of maternal and fetal tissue

Question 5

does the maternal and fetal supply mix?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

how does the placenta aid in nutrient transfer?

Answer 6

placenta brings fetal and material blood in close enough proximity to allow nutrient transfer

Question 7

what does the placenta release?

Answer 7

hormones that are needed to maintain pregnancy

Question 8

what series of changes does the body go through to support pregnancy?

Answer 8

weight gain associated with fetal growth and development, but also additional energy stores

Question 9

how much wt loss is there in birth?

Answer 9

Birth is associated with ~5 kg (~10 lbs) of weight is leaving the body

Question 10

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s underweight in pregnancy?

Answer 10

13-18kg (28-40lbs)

Question 11

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s normal weight in pregnancy?

Answer 11

11.5-16kg (25-35lbs)

Question 12

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s overweight in pregnancy?

Answer 12

7-11.5kg (15-25lbs)

Question 13

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s obese in pregnancy?

Answer 13

5-9kg (11-20lbs)

Question 14

Too little weight gain is associated with what risk factors for baby?

Answer 14

• low birth weight or pre-term birth
• increases in the child’s risk of developing heart disease or diabetes later in life

Question 15

Too much weight gain is associated with what risk factors for mom and baby?

Answer 15

• high blood pressure
• Diabetes
• difficult delivery and Caesarean section
• infants who are Large-for-gestational-age

Question 16

what percentage of people experience high BP during pregnancy?

Answer 16

5-10%
- 30% are related to pre-existing chronic hypertension

Question 17

what is gestational hypertension?

Answer 17

an abnormal rise in blood pressure that occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy

Question 18

what can gestational hypertension be a signal of?

Answer 18

pre-eclampsia

Question 19

what is gestational diabetes mellitus?

Answer 19

Consistently elevated blood glucose level during pregnancy in a person without previously diagnosed diabetes

Question 20

GDM occurs in what percentage of pregnancies?

Answer 20

3-20%

Question 21

what people is GDM most common in?

Answer 21

obese individuals

Question 22

what does GDM increase ur risk for?

Answer 22

type 2 diabetes later in life

Question 23

The intrauterine environment can have long-reaching impacts on what?

Answer 23

fetal development and the incidence of chronic disease such as obesity, metabolic, cardiovascular and malignant diseases

Question 24

Accumulating evidence suggests that fetal overnutrition (and similarly undernutrition) lead to what?

Answer 24

persistent epigenetic changes in developmentally important genes, influencing neuroendocrine functions, energy homeostasis and metabolism

Question 25

what are the vital nutrients during pregnancy?

Answer 25

Zinc Iron Folate

Question 26

A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the first trimester?

Answer 26

no additional kcal/day needed

Question 27

A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the second trimester?

Answer 27

350 kcal/day

Question 28

A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the third trimester?

Answer 28

450 kcal/day

Question 29

what are Teratogens?

Answer 29

subatances of chemical or biological origin that can cause birth defects - Different organ systems are particularly susceptible at different times

Question 30

what is the most common birth defect?

Answer 30

Systolic ejection murmur

Question 31

birth defects effect what ratio of pregnancies?

Answer 31

1 in 1000

Question 32

The Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) provides funding for what?

Answer 32

community groups to help to improve the health of pregnant women, new mothers and their babies, who face challenges that put their health at risk

Question 33

CPNP provides funding for which factors that put health at risk during pregnancy?

Answer 33

Poverty Teen pregnancy Social and geographic isolation Substance use Family violence

Question 34

Nutritional needs during pregnancy include the preparation of the body for lactation. t or f

Answer 34

t

Question 35

are nutrient needs higher during lactation or pregnancy?

Answer 35

lactation

Question 36

what is lactation and what does it involve?

Answer 36

involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple.

Question 37

what is colostrum?

Answer 37

Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery - Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors.

Question 38

do infants or adults require a high percentage of fat?

Answer 38

infants

Question 39

do infants or adults require more protein?

Answer 39

Infants require almost double the amount of protein

Question 40

water intake is critical for nutritional needs in infancy. t or f

Answer 40

t

Question 41

Breastmilk includes most nutrients needed for infant growth, but supplementation is needed for:

Answer 41

vitamin D and K

Question 42

when is Vitamin B12 supplementation needed for infants?

Answer 42

needed for infants of individuals following a vegan dietary pattern

Question 43

why are iron-rich foods needed at 6-months of age once infant iron stores are depleted?

Answer 43

Breast milk is a poor source of iron

Question 44

Fluoride supplementation is recommended at 6 months of age in breast-fed infants. t or f

Answer 44

t

Question 45

what is growth defined as?

Answer 45

a measurable change in body size due to 2 underlying cellular processes

Question 46

what are the cellular processes that involve growth?

Answer 46

Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Accretion

Question 47

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 47

increase in cell number

Question 48

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 48

increase in cell size

Question 49

what is accretion?

Answer 49

increase in intercellular substances

Question 50

what is undernutrition?

Answer 50

wt for age

Question 51

what is stunting?

Answer 51

length for age

Question 52

what is wasting?

Answer 52

weight for length. BMI for age

Question 53

what is over nutrition?

Answer 53

weight for length, BMI for age

Question 54

when should infant formula be introduced to infant?

Answer 54

after 6-months of age

Question 55

Children who were breastfed score higher on IQ tests. t or f

Answer 55

t

Question 56

does the size of the breast matter?

Answer 56

Whatever size a breast is, it will produce enough milk for baby

Question 57

why is breastfeeding good for mothers?

Answer 57

- can help mothers lose weight - may reduce the risk of some cancers - can help mothers bond with their babies

Question 58

after 6 months of breastfeeding, what should infants be consuming?

Answer 58

babies need additional solid food, but continue to benefit from the nutrients in breast milk

Question 59

study found women most likely to breastfeed for the first 6 months were those who:

Answer 59

have partners do not smoke during pregnancy deliver in their home do not work

Question 60

BMI is used after what age?

Answer 60

after 2 years of age to account for body changes due to puberty

Question 61

what are Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children?

Answer 61

- Dental Caries (Cavities) - Food Allergies - Diet and Hyperactivity Evidence is mixed and weak overall - Childhood Obesity The impact of screen time Advertising Types of ads shown during Saturday morning child programs >