Carbohydrates

Question 1

do dairy, fruits and whole grain consist of carbs?

Answer 1

yes, in their refined state

Question 2

how is the nutrient content reduced in carbs?

Answer 2

when it is refined

Question 3

what does refining carbs remove from the carbs?

Answer 3

parts of the grain that contain vitamins, minerals and fiber

Question 4

what are examples of bran?

Answer 4

Fiber and vitamins

Question 5

what are examples of germ?

Answer 5

Vegetable oils and vitamin E

Question 6

what are examples of Endosperm?

Answer 6

Starch and some protein
When a grain is refined, the endosperm is being collected

Question 7

the WHO recommends that no more than 10% of calories come from:

Answer 7

free sugars

Question 8

what does the Canada food guide recommend for diet:

Answer 8

more unrefined carbohydrates, whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes

Question 9

Long term consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with mortality primarily through what disease?

Answer 9

CVD

Question 10

how does photosynthesis work?

Answer 10

plants use energy from the sun to convert CO2 and H2O into a glucose, releasing oxygen

Question 11

what are carbs called in their simplest and purest form?

Answer 11

monosaccharides

Question 12

each monosaccharide contains what?

Answer 12

6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygens

Question 13

When two monosaccharides are combined they form what?

Answer 13

disaccharide

Question 14

Oligosaccharides (3-10) and polysaccharides (10+) are formed when?

Answer 14

when many monosaccharides are linked together
- this is how plants an animals can store carbs for later use

Question 15

how are Di-, oligo- and poly- saccharides formed?

Answer 15

formed from condensation reactions using enzymes
-A specific enzyme is needed to break down each type of glycosidic bond

Question 16

why can fibre not be digested?

Answer 16

consists of polysaccharides that can’t be digested because there is no human enzyme to break it down

Question 17

functional fibre

Answer 17

is added fibre due to beneficial impact

Question 18

what solution does soluble fibre form with water in the intestine?

Answer 18

gelatinous

Question 19

where is soluble fibre partially digested?

Answer 19

in the large intestine by bacteria

Question 20

GI tract contents are diluted by what fibre? making it more difficult for what?

Answer 20

soluble fibre, making it more difficult for enzymes to interact with the food

• This results in slower digestion and absorption of nutrients
• This also makes it more likely that cholesterol and bile acids will be excreted instead of absorbed.

Question 21

how is insoluble fibre different then soluble fibre?

Answer 21

• Does Not dissolve in water
• Excreted whole

Question 22

Greater quantities of fiber in the diet will _________the transit time but_________ absorption time.

Answer 22

speed (decrease)
slow (increase)

Question 23

how long does fibre stay in the small intestine?

Answer 23

2-6 hours

Question 24

how long does fibre stay in the large intestine?

Answer 24

24-36 hours

Question 25

is stool weight heaver or lighter with fibre?

Answer 25

heavier

Question 26

how is ATP and electrons (NADH) generated in the fed state?

Answer 26

Glucose is broken down to pyruvate through glycolysis

Question 27

(fed state) after Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, how is it stored?

Answer 27

stored as fat or broken down in the TCA cycle

Question 28

how is the citric acid cycle started?

Answer 28

Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, beginning the citric acid cycle and generating ATP, electrons (NADH), carbon dioxide and regenerating oxaloacetate.

Question 29

The electrons generated (NADH) enter the electron transport chain where they are eventually passed onto oxygen generating:

Answer 29

ATP and water

Question 30

how does metabolism work if carbohydrates is available?

Answer 30

Acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation has oxaloacetate to combine with in the TCA cycle

Question 31

how does metabolism work if carbohydrates are not available?

Answer 31

the liver metabolizes Acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies to provide energy for the brain.

Question 32

when glucose is high, what is the purpose of beta cells?

Answer 32

release insulin into the blood and signal to other cells that glucose is available and should be used

Question 33

When blood glucose levels are low, what is the purpose of alpha cells?

Answer 33

release glucagon signaling the liver to release stored glucose

Question 34

what two hormones work to keep blood glucose in a normal range?

Answer 34

beta and alpha cells

Question 35

what is the process with using extra glucose (GLUT4)?

Answer 35

In the muscle and adipose cells, insulin reacts with insulin receptors on the surface of the cells, starting a signaling cascade This leads to the glucose transporter, GLUT4, moving to the cell surface and facilitating glucose transport into the cell This process continues until blood glucose levels decrease, and insulin is no longer being released by the pancreas

Question 36

What is the Glycemic Response?

Answer 36

is the effect of a food on blood glucose levels

Question 37

Factors that impact glycemic response include:

Answer 37

- Carbohydrate content of food - amount of protein, fat and fiber - Activity level

Question 38

what does the glycemic index measure?

Answer 38

The ability for a food to increase our blood sugar

Question 39

what is a high and low glycemic index?

Answer 39

High glycemic index = bigger increase in our blood sugar > 70 = high GI < 55 = low GI

Question 40

what is the glycemic load?

Answer 40

considers the amount of carbohydrates in a serving of food - Amount of carbohydrate in the food multiplied by glycemic index

Question 41

name some long term complications of diabetes:

Answer 41

- Constant exposure to high levels of blood glucose causes many biochemical changes - Glycation of proteins (AGE formation) - Conversion of glucose into toxic molecules - Oxidative stress - Changes in gene expression

Question 42

what is Diverticulitis?

Answer 42

Excess pressure can cause the colon wall to bulge out forming pouches called diverticula leading to the condition called diverticulosis

Question 43

what happens if fecal matter collects in the pouches with diverticulosis?

Answer 43

it may cause pain, inflammation and infection

Question 44

For diverticulitis- is lower or higher fiber intake recommended?

Answer 44

lower fiber intake is recommended temporarily to reduce irritation, along with antibiotics to clear the infection - Once the infection is resolved THEN increased fiber intake is recommended, along with increased fluid intake to keep fluid soft.

Question 45

why may higher fibre diets decrease your risk of colon cancer?

Answer 45

may be due to faster transit time allowing less contact of mucosal cells with toxins