Nutrition in Adolescence, Adulthood and the Elderly

Question 1

at what point in life is nutrient needed the most?

Answer 1

adolescence

Question 2

why is the need for nutrients high in adolescence?

Answer 2

due to rapid growth

Question 3

why is iron important for females?

Answer 3

due to loss in menstruation

Question 3

what minerals are highly needed in adolescence?

Answer 3

calcium and zinc

Question 4

do males or females develop greater lean body mass?

Answer 4

males
- females develop more adipose mass

Question 5

Adipose tissue is an endocrine tissues and secretes hormones. t or f

Answer 5

t

Question 6

adipose tissue expresses what enzyme?

Answer 6

aromatase, involved in the production of estrogen

Question 7

Increased adiposity in young females is associated with what?

Answer 7

early onset of puberty

Question 8

how does leptin (adipokine) contribute to the increased production of estrogen?

Answer 8

can stimulate the expression of the protein kisspeptin, which stimulate the release of GnRH, contributing to the increased production of estrogen

Question 9

based on CCHS findings, males and females aged 9 to 18 did not have adequate intake of which vitamin?

Answer 9

vitamin A

Question 10

based on CCHS findings, females 14 to 18 had low intake of which vitamins?

Answer 10

B6, folate, and B12

Question 11

12% of adolescent females were not meeting the requirements of which mineral?

Answer 11

iron

Question 12

70% of females aged 9 to 13 years and 30% of males aged 14 to 18 years were not meeting their requirements for which mineral?

Answer 12

calcium

Question 13

15% of females aged 9 to 13 and 20% of females aged 14 to 18 were not meeting the requirements of which mineral?

Answer 13

zinc

Question 14

Vegetarianism or Veganism may be adopted in which years of life?

Answer 14

teen years

Question 15

Milk consumption tends to decrease during which period of life?

Answer 15

adolescence

Question 16

smoking increases the need for nutrients such as what vitamin?

Answer 16

vitamin C, due to oxidative stress from tobacco use

Question 17

how does alcohol consumption impact nutrient intake?

Answer 17

alters the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, it also replaces calories from nutritious foods

Question 18

what is aging?

Answer 18

Aging is a process that occurs throughout life

Question 19

As organisms become older, what happens to the cells?

Answer 19

the number of cells they contain decreases, and the function of the remaining cells declines

Question 20

As tissues and organs lose cells, what happens to homeostasis?

Answer 20

the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis decreases

Question 21

what is life expectancy determined by?

Answer 21

by a combination of genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors

Question 22

Exposure to damage, ability to repair and replace damaged cells influence aging. t or f

Answer 22

t

Question 23

The only proven method to extend longevity is:

Answer 23

calorie restriction (CR)
- no long-term studies in humans

Question 24

who's life expectancy is the longest in the world?

Answer 24

The Okinawans of Japan - consume a nutrient-dense diet

Question 25

what is the average life expectancy?

Answer 25

about 78 years - but only about 69 of these years are disease and disability-free

Question 26

what is compression of morbidity?

Answer 26

refers to the delaying of onset of the symptoms of disease so that they take up less of later life - This would increase the health of the aging population and spare the healthcare system

Question 27

what nutrient supplementation is required in older adults?

Answer 27

Vitamin B6 and B12 Vitamin D, Calcium and Magnesium Anti-oxidants (Vitamin C and E) Iron needs in females decrease due to menopause

Question 28

what physiological changes that occur with aging?

Answer 28

Sensory decline Macular degeneration Cataracts Periodontal disease Atrophic gastritis Decline in size and functioning of liver and kidneys Alzheimer’s disease Reduced hormone levels Decrease in mobility Dementia Increase in body fat, decrease in lean body tissue Immune function and underlying illness

Question 29

Above age 60 there is sensory decline leading to:

Answer 29

impaired taste and smell - A decrease in the amount of saliva also contributes to this decreased sense

Question 30

do to sensory decline, thirst sense is decreased, leading to a risk of what?

Answer 30

increasing the risk of dehydration

Question 31

how can sensory decline be prevented?

Answer 31

Regular consumption of antioxidant-rich food throughout adulthood

Question 32

Periodontal disease may impact what?

Answer 32

chewing and swallowing

Question 33

how does Periodontal disease decrease food intake in older adults?

Answer 33

Stomachs empty slower, allowing older adults to feel full longer and decreasing food intake

Question 34

10-30% of adults over 50 have what condition?

Answer 34

ATROPHIC GASTRITIS - in 40% of ppl over age of 80

Question 35

Decreased motility and elasticity of the large intestine, along with low fibre and liquid intake can result in:

Answer 35

constipation

Question 36

how do pharmaceuticals effect food intake?

Answer 36

can decrease nutrient absorption, and food can enhance or inhibit the absorption and metabolism of medications

Question 37

Body composition shifts to a greater percentage of:

Answer 37

fat

Question 38

Decreased strength and endurance affect what?

Answer 38

mobility and balance

Question 39

how does sickness affect nutrient intake?

Answer 39

limits nutrient intake and absorption, this in turn affects the body’s ability to mount an immune response

Question 40

does decreased Basal metabolic rate mean that fewer or higher calories are needed?

Answer 40

fewer - but the same or increased amount of nutrients

Question 41

CCHS Study of Health-promoting factors:

Answer 41

Never smoked daily/quit for 15 years or more Not obese (i.e., BMI <30) Sleeps well Fruit/vegetable consumption five or more times/daily Good oral health Frequent walker Frequent social participation Low daily stress

Question 42

Physical activity can delay the onset of what neurodegenerative conditions?

Answer 42

Alzheimer’s and dementia

Question 43

A multidomain approach that includes what has demonstrated improvements or maintenance of cognitive function?

Answer 43

diet, exercise, cognitive training and vascular risk monitoring

Question 44

Cohort studies have shown that the MIND dietary pattern can do what?

Answer 44

delay cognitive decline - but recent clinical trials have not shown an effect

Question 45

Depression in the elderly can lead to what?

Answer 45

malnutrition

Question 46

SCREEN-3, -8, -14 to identify at risk individuals of depression. t or f

Answer 46

t

Question 47

Regular exercise can help reduce what?

Answer 47

incidence of chronic disease and maintain mobility, bone and muscle mass and importantly, independence

Question 48

Canadians with increased social participation demonstrated greater what?

Answer 48

physical, psychological, social and self-rated wellness