Lipids

Question 1

how are there different types of tryglicerdies?

Answer 1

Triglycerides have 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone
The fatty acids can be of different length and structures, producing many different types of triglycerides

Question 2

fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. t or f

Answer 2

t

Question 3

which fatty acids are essential dietary nutrients?

Answer 3

The omega-3 and omega-6

Question 4

can humans create omega-3 and omega-6?

Answer 4

no, they don’t have enzymes that can produce these; however they are essential starting materials in the body.

Question 5

what do omega-3 and omega-6 do?

Answer 5

Cellular regulators that control processes: inflammation, blood clotting and smooth muscle contractility.

Question 6

The omega-6 omega-3 ratio affects the types and amounts of ________ produced.

Answer 6

eicosanoids

Question 7

is omega-3 or omega-6 more plentiful in the Canadian diet?

Answer 7

omega 6

• Mediterranean diet is higher in omega 3

Question 8

what are Trans-Fatty Acids (Trans Fats) produced by?

Answer 8

produced by hydrogenation of unsaturated fats

Question 9

instead of trans fatty acids becoming saturated, the type of bond is changed, meaning what?

Answer 9

orientation is like saturated fatty acids, allowing them to be solid at room temperature.

Question 10

Trans fats have been shown to increase what disease risk?

Answer 10

cholesterol and CVD risk

• they are now banned in Canada

Question 11

fatty acids in food have a significant impact on health, is it better if they are more monounsaturated and polyunsaturated or less?

Answer 11

more

Question 12

how are Phosphoglycerides similar and different than triglycerides?

Answer 12

Phosphoglycerides have a structure like triglycerides but only contain 2 fatty acids and a polar phosphate group

Question 13

are Phosphoglycerides amphipathic?

Answer 13

yes, they have a polar head group and hydrophobic tail

Question 14

what does amphipathic allow for (Phosphoglycerides)?

Answer 14

allows the formation of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Question 15

what is the structure of Sterols?

Answer 15

series of rings they are not water soluble

Question 16

is cholesterol present in animal and plant cells?

Answer 16

animal cells only NOT plant cells

Question 17

cholesterol is precursor for which hormones?

Answer 17

testosterone and estrogen, vitamin D and bile salts

• important part of lipid membranes

Question 18

most lipid digestion occurs where?

Answer 18

small intestine

Question 19

Bile salts from the gallbladder/liver do what to lipids?

Answer 19

emulsifies

this allows for lipases from the pancreas to break down the triglycerides

Question 20

once lipids are dissolved they enter which cells of the small intestine?

Answer 20

mucosal cells

Question 21

once dissolved lipids enter the mucosal cells, they are reassembled and packaged into:

Answer 21

lipoproteins called chylomicrons

-enter the lymphatic system before entering the bloodstream

Question 22

can short and medium chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream directly or indirectly?

Answer 22

directly

Question 23

to transport lipids in the blood, what does it require?

Answer 23

lipoproteins

Question 24

are most lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 24

hydrophobic

NOT soluble in blood

Question 25

what are the lipoproteins?

Answer 25

Chylomicron (from the small intestine) VLDL (from the liver) LDL (from liver) HDL (from liver)

Question 26

what two states determine how lipids are metabolized?

Answer 26

fed and fasting states

Question 27

what are lipoproteins doing during the fed state?

Answer 27

they are circulating, bringing fatty acids to tissue for storage

Question 28

during the fasting state, hormone sensitive lipase become more active, releasing what?

Answer 28

fatty acids that can be used to meet energy demands