Chapter 17

Question 1

Translation

Answer 1

Sequence of mRNA bases are converted to an amino acid sequence

Question 2

Codons

Answer 2

Groups of three RNA nucleotides that the instructions for building a polypeptide

Question 3

How many codons are there?

Answer 3

61 to specify amino acids and three codons as start and stop signals

Question 4

Start codon

Answer 4

AUG codon that signals the start of protein construction

Question 5

Stop codons

Answer 5

UAA, UAG, and UGA that tell the cell when a polypeptide is complete

Question 6

Genetic code

Answer 6

Collection of codon-amino acid relationships

Question 7

Two types of molecules with key roles in translation

Answer 7

tRNAs and ribosomes

Question 8

tRNA

Answer 8

Molecular bridges that connect mRNA codons to the amino acids they encode

Question 9

Anticodon

Answer 9

Sequence of three codons at the end of each tRNA that binds to specific mRNA codons

Question 10

Template strand

Answer 10

strand read by RNA polymerase in transcription

Question 10

coding strand

Answer 10

strand of DNA that is not transcribed during synthesis of RNA

Question 11

Transcription in Eukaryotic differences

Answer 11

1. Three RNA polymerase: RNA polymerase 1, 2 and 3
2. Larger, more diverse promoters, including TATA box
3. General transcription factors recognize promoters rather than sigma proteins.
4. At termination a poly(A) signal is transcribed rather than a hair pin
5. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 12

TATA box

Answer 12

short DNA sequence in many eukaryotic located about 30 pairs upward of the transcription start site. Important for assembling general transcription factors and RNA polymerase at the core enzyme.

Question 13

General transcription factors

Answer 13

Group of proteins that assemble on promoters and help RNA polymerase initiate transcription

Question 14

Termination of transcription for eukaryotic protein-coding genes

Answer 14

A DNA sequence near the end of each gene called poly(A) signal, is transcribed.

The RNA downstream of the poly(A) signal sequence is cut by an enzyme as the polymerase continues to transcribe the DNA template.

Question 15

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 15

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs by using ribosomes located in the cytoplasm..

Question 16

Primary transcripts

Answer 16

Newly transcribed RNA molecule that has not been processed to a mature RNA

Question 17

pre-mRNA

Answer 17

The primary transcript of protein-coding genes

Question 18

RNA processing

Answer 18

Changes that a primary