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biology > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Three basic reproductive structures of plants

A

Flower
Seed
Fruit

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2
Q

Flower

A

Produces gametes; develops seeds and fruit

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3
Q

Seed

A

Consists of embryo and nutrient stores

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4
Q

Fruit

A

Develops from flower and contains seeds

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5
Q

What is sexual reproduction based on

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

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7
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of haploid gametes that produces diploid zygote

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8
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Land plants have a life cycle with two distinct multicellular forms: one diploid (sporophyte) & one haploid (gametophyte)

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9
Q

Mosses

A

non-flowering plants which produce spores and have stems and leaves, but don’t have true roots.

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10
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid stage of life cycle

In bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, the gametophyte is the dominant life phase and the sporophyte is dependent on it

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11
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid multicellular stage of life cycle

In angiosperms and gymnosperms the sporophyte is dominant.

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12
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

does not involve fertilization & results in genetically identical copies of parent (clones)

  • Advantage- very efficient (based on Mitosis)
  • Disadvantage- genetically similar populations more likely to succumb to diseases
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13
Q

Rhizomes

A

horizontal stems from which shoots & roots emerge (nodes separate from parent plant)

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14
Q

Corms

A

underground modified stems

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15
Q

Plantlets

A

from meristematic tissue located along margins of leaves (drop off to form new plant)

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16
Q

Apomixis

A

when seeds form without fertilization (result in seeds genetically identical to parent)

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17
Q

What is flowering stimulated by

A

External cues
Internal cues

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18
Q

External cues

A

length of day/night or arrival of seasonal rains

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19
Q

Internal cues

A

related to nutritional needs

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20
Q

Basic organs of reproductive structures that are modified leaves

A
  1. Sepals
  2. Petals
  3. Stamens
  4. Carpels
    All attached to receptable
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21
Q

Sepals

A

Reproductive structure

leaf-like structures, usually green & photosynthetic

  • Arranged in circle (whorl) attached to receptacle & enclose flower bud as it develops/grows
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21
Q

Calyx

A

entire group of sepals in flower

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21
Q

Petals

A

arranged in whorl, often brightly colored to advertise flower to pollinators

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22
Q

Nectary

A

Gland contained in base of petals that produces nectar that is harvested by animals

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23
Q

Corolla

A

Entire group of petals in flower

23
Q

Stamens

A

reproductive structures that produce male gametophytes (pollen grains) by meiosis, which in turn produce sperm by mitosis

Consists of filament and anthers

24
Q

Filament

A

Part of stamen

a stalk-like structure that attaches to the base of the flower and supports the anther

25
Q

Anther

A

Structure in stamen that produces pollen

26
Q

Carpel

A

Produces female gametophytes (by meiosis) which in turn produces eggs by mitosis

Contains 3 parts
Stigma
Style
Ovary

27
Q

Stigma

A

Part of carpel

Moist tip that receives pollen

28
Q

Style

A

Part of carpel

Slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary

29
Q

Ovary

A

Base of carpel

Houses the ovules where female gametophytes are produces

30
Q

Perfect flowers

A

Contains both stamens and carpels

31
Q

Monoecious plants

A

Have separate stamen and carpel producing flowers on same individual in different locations of plant

32
Q

Dioecious plants

A

Have either stamen or carpel producing imperfect flowers on different plants

33
Q

Megasporangia

A

Structure in ovule that contains megasporocyte

34
Q

megasporocyte

A

Divides by meiosis producing 4 cells; 3 degenerate; surviving megaspore divides by mitosis to produce haploid egg and polar bodies (embryo sac)

35
Q

Formation of female gametophyte

A
  1. Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis creating 4 cells
  2. Three cells degenerate
  3. Surviving megaspore cell divides by mitosis.
  4. Female gametophyte (embryo sac) is created
36
Q

Female gametophyte (embryo sac)

A

produces the female gametes and is developed in ovule

3 cells at the bottom are egg cells
2 in the middle are polar and create the endosperm

37
Q

What happens in anther

A

microsporangia cells (microsporocytes)undergo meiosis, producing 4 microspores

38
Q

Pollen grain (male gametophytes)

A

Result of each of the 4 microspores dividing mitotically

Haploid, immature male gametophyte with two nuclei

39
Q

When are male gametophytes considered mature

A

When generative cell produces two sperm cells via mitosis

40
Q

Formation of male gametophyte

A
  1. Microsporocyte divides by meiosis
  2. Resulting microspores divide by mitosis
  3. Mature pollen grains form
41
Q

Generative cell

A

In pollen grain and divides mitotically into two sperm cells that pass through pollen tube to enter the embryo sac of the flower

42
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

43
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm and egg unite to form diploid zygote

44
Q

Mutualism of pollination

A

Pollinators benefit by receiving food by feeding on the flower; plants benefit because of outcrossing

45
Q

Outcrossing

A

Mating of different individuals

46
Q

How the fertilization in angiosperms occur

A
  1. Germination
  2. Pollen tube cells undergo mitosis and starts to grow into style while the generative cell divides into two sperm cells
  3. Pollen tube grows into microphyle and enters the female gametophyte
  4. Double fertilization occurs
    One sperm fertilizes the egg to form zygote
    The second sperm combines with those 2 polar bodies to form large 3n cell (endosperm)
47
Q

How are fruits developed

A

From the ovary

48
Q

Embryogenesis

A

Process by which single-celled zygote becomes multicellular embryo

49
Q

Seed dormancy

A

Hibernation for seeds

  1. Adaptation that prevents seeds from germinating on parent plant
  2. Ensures they will not germinate till environment is ideal
50
Q

How seed dormancy is broken

A
  1. Seed coat being scarified or broken
  2. Exposure to proper environmental conditions
51
Q

Simple fruit

A

Develops from single flower with one carpel or fused carpels

52
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Develops from single flower with many separate carpels

53
Q

Multiple fruit

A

Develops from many flowers with many carpels

54
Q

Germination

A

Resumption of growth of male gametophyte

55
Q

Maturation of seed

A

Embryo and endosperm develops inside ovule and becomes surrounded by covering - seed coat

Ovary around ovule develop into fruit

56
Q

Function of fruit

A

Seed protection and seed dispersal

57
Q

Seed germination

A
  1. Seed take up water, consume oxygen and synthesize proteins
  2. Water uptake stops, seed begins to manufacture new mRNAs and proteins needed to support growth and mitochondria begin to multiply
  3. Water uptake resumes as growth begins and cells enlarge as embryo bursts from seed coat
58
Q

Role of endosperm

A

nourishes embryos as they develop.

59
Q
A

biology (40 decks)

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