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Biology > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

1
Q

Two requirements of animals

A

Chemical energy from ATP
Carbon-containing molecules

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2
Q

What are the 4 processes of obtaining energy from food

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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3
Q

How many amino acids can be made from the human body

A

12 of the 20

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3
Q

Minerals

A

Important cofactors or structural materials (Ca, Fe, MG, etc)

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3
Q

What are vitamins

A

Organic compounds vital for health in minute amounts

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3
Q

Electrolytes

A

Inorganic ions that influence osmotic balance; required for normal membrane function

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4
Q

Digestive tract

A

Comes in two general designs

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5
Q

adaptive radiation

A

Diversification of a single ancestral lineage into many species, each of which lives in a different habitat or emplys distinct feeding method

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6
Q

Complete digestive tracts

A

Have two openings - mouth for ingestion and anus for elimination of wastes

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7
Q

Complete digestive tract advantages

A
  1. Can feed on larger pieces of food
  2. Chemical & physical processes can be separated
    within canal; can occur independently & in sequence
  3. Material can be ingested & digested continuously;
    flow of food is in one direction
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8
Q

Where do chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begin in?

A

mouth due to salivary amylase and lingual lipase attacking it

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8
Q

Where do the chemical digestion of proteins occur?

A

stomach due to pepsin

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8
Q

Where does digestion mostly occur in humans

A

Small intestine due to receiving digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver

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9
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine

A

To better absorb nutrients

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10
Q

Why do many acid reflux drugs contain proton pump inhibitors?

A

Blocking the pumps reduces the acidity of the stomach by reducing the number of protons pumped from the parietal cells into the lumen.

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11
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

Act as emulsifying agents to break down large fat globules that are less digestible into small fat droplets easily digested by lipase. The drug would block this emulsification.

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12
Q

What enzyme performs majority of chemical digestion of lipids

A

Pancreatic lipase

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13
Q

What enzyme begins digestion of proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin

14
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

Digests disaccharides into monosaccharides in the small intestine.

15
Q

What toothlike structures are found in East African Rift Lakes cichlid species

A
  1. Sharp, hooked protuberances for tearing fish scales
  2. Broad, flat protuberances for grinding and compacting algae
  3. Combination of pointed and flattened protuberances for crushing snail shells
16
Q

Endemic

A

Species that live nowhere

17
Q

Functions of specialized tooth structures in fish

A

Crush snails, tears fish scales, compacts algae

18
Q

Incomplete digestive tract (gastrointestinal tract and alimentary canal)

A

One opening for ingestion and excretion

Common parts
Testicles: Capturing prey
Mouth: Ingests food & eliminates wastes
Pharynx: (throat) Transports food
& wastes
Gastrovascular cavity: Site of digestion and absorption

19
Q

The digestive tract organs

A

Mouth: Site mechanical and chemical processing

Esophagus: Transfers food

Stomach: Site of mechanical and chemical processing (digests proteins)

Small intestine: Site of chemical processing and absorption (digests proteins, fats, carbohydrates; absorbs nutrients and water)

  1. Large intestine Absorbs water and forms feces; contains symbiotic bacteria
  2. Appendix: Contains immune tissue; harbors symbiotic bacteria
  3. Anus: Eliminates feces
20
Q

Accessory organs in digestive tract

A

Salivary glands: Secretes molecules
that aid in fat digestion
Secrete enzymes that
digest carbohydrates;
supply lubricating
mucus

Liver: Secretes molecules
that aid in fat digestion

Gallbladder: Stores secretions from
liver; empties into
small intestine

Pancreas: Secretes enzymes &
other materials into
small intestine

21
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Begins breakdown of carbohydrates

22
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete inactive pepsinogen that converted to pepsin in presence of HCI

Pepsinogen is important because it prevents destruction of proteins where enzyme is synthesized

23
Q

Parietal cells

A

Source of HCI in gastric juice

24
Q

2 functions of HCI

A

Activates the pepsin
Denatures proteins to aid in their digestion

25
Q

Mucous cells

A

secrete mucus; lines gastric
epithelium & protects stomach from damage
by HCl

26
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Secreted into small intestine by pancreas and neutralizes acid arriving from the stomach

27
Q

Villi

A

Makes up the surface of the small intestine, allows for high surface area of absorption

Contains microvilli, and each villus has a blood and lymphatic vessels (lacteal) that absorb nutrients and transports them to the body systems

28
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes in small intestine that
complete digestion of
polypeptides to monomers- amino acids

29
Q

Process of protein digestion

A

Begins in the stomach by pepsin (breaks peptide bonds between proteins)

In the small intestine, proteases breaks completes the digestion of them

proteases arrives in inactive form from pancreas where it is activated by enterokinase in small intestine.

Enterokinase activates an inactive type of proteases called trypsinogen and converts it to trypsin

Trypsin activates other enzymes secreted by the pancreas

30
Q

Enzymes that pancreas produces for lipids and DNA/RNA digestion

A

Nucleases for digestion of DNA/RNA

Pancreatic amylase for continued digestion of carbohydrates

31
Q

Bile salts

A

Synthesized in liver and stored in gallbladder

Emulsifies hydrophobic fats that arrive in large globules by to small intestine

31
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Breaks chemical bonds in fats

32
Q

Cecum

A

Outpocketing in digestive tract that starts at the large intestine

Used to be a fermentation chamber for processing cellulose

Presently functions in combating harmful bacteria and viruses and stores symbiotic bacteria into the appendix

It is now considered a vestigial organ that lose its ancestral function

33
Q

How are water and nutrients absorbed by the small intestine

A

Nutrients brought into epithelium through active transport, water follows passively through osmosis

34
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Compact wastes that remain–

Absorb enough water (via aquaporins) to form feces

This occurs in colon (largest part of the large intestine

35
Q

Rectum

A

Final section of large intestine where feces is held

36
Q

Main component of gastric juice

A

Water is the primary component of many secretions, including gastric juice.

37
Q

When food is plentiful, animals tend to store most of what they eat as fat. Why is it like this?

A

Fat contains more than twice the energy per gram as protein or carbohydrate, so fat storage minimizes the energetic cost of carrying stored food energy.

38
Q
A

Biology (40 decks)

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