Chapter 32

Question 1

What is a vertebrate?

Answer 1

Animal that has backbone and a skeleton

Question 2

What are the 5 vertebrates groups

Answer 2

Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 3

What are invertebrates

Answer 3

cold-blooded animals with no backbone

Question 4

What are the main groups of invertebrates

Answer 4

1. Protozoa
2. Porifera
3. Coelenterata
4. Platyhelminthes
5. Nematoda,
6. Annelida
7. Echinodermata
8. Mollusca
9. Arthropoda

Question 5

What does ectothermic mean?

Answer 5

Body heat comes from an external source

Question 5

What is a differentiating character of echinoderms

Answer 5

Radial symmetry

Question 6

2 parts of Deuterostome animals

Answer 6

Echinoderms
Chordata

Question 7

What groups are endothermic

Answer 7

Within Mammalia and Aves

Question 8

What is the Aves class

Answer 8

Basically the bird class

Question 9

Important embryonic features of deuterostomes

Answer 9

Gut develops from anus to mouth

Coelom develops from pockets of mesoderm

Question 10

Are Deuterostomes mostly vertebrates or invertebrates

Answer 10

Vertabrates

Question 11

What is an echinoderm

Answer 11

Marine invertebrate groups of deuterostomes

ex. Sea stars, sea urchins

Question 12

What are the three main traits of an echinoderm

Answer 12

1. Radial symmetry in adults
2. Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate
3. Water vascular system

Question 13

What are the symmetry of echinoderm as larvae and adults

Answer 13

Larvae - bilaterally symmetric
Adults - pentaradial symmetric (5 sided radial symmetry)

Question 14

What does the endoskeleton in these adults do?

Answer 14

Hard protective, supportive structure inside epidermal tissue.

Question 15

What is the water vascular system

Answer 15

series of branching, fluid-filled
tubes & chambers that forms a hydrostatic skeleton

Question 16

Five groups of Echinodermata

Answer 16

1. Crinoidea- feather stars
   & sea lilies
2. Asteroidea- sea stars
3. Ophiuroidea- brittle stars
   & basket stars

4.Echinoidea- sea urchins
& sand dollars

5.Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers

Question 17

What are the four features of the chordate life cycle

Answer 17

1. Pharyngeal gill slits- openings into throat
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord- runs length of body
3. Notochord- stiff & flexible rod, runs length of body
4. Post-anal tail- muscular

Question 18

What are the 3 major lineages of Chordates?

Answer 18

Cephalochordates
Urochordates
Vertebrates

Question 19

Characteristics of Cephalochordates

Answer 19

1. small, mobile suspension feeders that resemble fish;
   adults burrow in sand in ocean-bottom habitats
2. Notochord stiffens body & muscle contractions on either
   side result in fishlike movement

Question 20

Urochordates characeteristics

Answer 20

1. marine
2. larvae & adults have pharyngeal gill slits for feeding and gas exchange
3. Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail occur
   ONLY in larvae in most species

Question 21

What is a vertebraes and its characteristics

Answer 21

First appeared in oceans 540mya in Cambrian explosion

1. Vertebrae- cartilaginous or bony structures which
   protect spinal cord
2. Cranium- case that protects brain & sensory organs

Question 22

What formed during the Cambrian period

Answer 22

protective exoskeleton

Question 23

What formed during the Silurian period

Answer 23

Jaws and later the bony endoskeleton

Question 24

Function of bony endoskeleton and when did it evolve

Answer 24

Function to support rapid swimming

Appeared Silurian period

Question 25

What formed during the Devonian period

Answer 25

Limbs capable of moving on land dated back to 365 mya

First tetrapods

Question 26

What are the functions of amniotic eggs

Answer 26

• have membranes
  surrounding food
  & water supply &
  a waste repository

– Provide support &
extra surface area
for gas exchange

– Allow for larger,
better-developed
young!

Developed during carboniferous period

Question 27

Placenta

Answer 27

Viviparous mammals have organ that evolved from amniotic egg

Question 28

What is one basal vertebrate taxon?

Answer 28

Lamprey

Question 29

Which vertebrates lay amniotic eggs?

Answer 29

reptiles and some mammals
(bird are reptiles)

Question 30

What structure in a placental developing organism is greatly reduced (but not absent) as compared to an amniotic egg

Answer 30

Yolk sac since the placenta replaces the core function of it

Question 31

Which major lineages make up the living Amniota?

Answer 31

Reptiles and mammals

Amniota is a lineage of vertebrates that includes all tetrapods other than amphibians.

Question 32

How do fish gills have such a high surface area

Answer 32

This is because they contained highly flattened structures that increase surface area, helping gases and nutrients move across them

Question 33

Are all deuterostomes radial symmetric?

Answer 33

No only adult echinoderms are radially symmetric

Question 34

What phyla of deuterostomes are vertebrates, and which is mostly invertebrates

Answer 34

• Echinoderms are mostly invertebrates
• Chordates are mostly vertebrates that includes mammals, amphibians, fish, birds and reptiles