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biology > Chapter 22 and 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 and 23 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Fossil

A

any trace of an organism that lived in the past

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2
Q

extant species

A

species living today

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3
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

branching diagram that depicts the ancestor

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4
Q

homology

A

similarity that exists in species due to common ancestry

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5
Q

Evolution

A

Theory all organism are related by common ancestry and change over time due to natural selection

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6
Q

Population thinking

A

Way of thinking that emphasizing the importance of variation among individuals in a population

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7
Q

Decent with modification

A

Describes how species that lived in the past are the ancestors of species existing today

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8
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Form from sand or mud or other materials deposited in layers at locations such as beaches or river mouths

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9
Q

Geologic time scale

A

Sequence of eons, eras, and periods used to describe the geologic history of the earth.

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10
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Steady rate at which unstable “parent” atoms are converted into more stable “daughter” atoms

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11
Q

Genetic homology

A

Similarity in DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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12
Q

Developmental homology

A

Similarity in embrynoic form of developmental processes due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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13
Q

Structural homology

A

Similarity in adult organismal structures due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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14
Q

Speciation

A

Process that results in new species being formed from prexisting species

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15
Q

artificial selection

A

Deliberate manipulation by humans as in animal and plant breeding, of the genetic composition of a population by only allowing individuals with desirable traits to reproduce.

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16
Q

Darwin’s Four Postulates

A
  1. Variation exists among individual organisms that make up a population
  2. Some of the trait differences are heritable
  3. Survival and reproductive success are highly variable
  4. The subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not a random sample of the population
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17
Q

Variation exists among individual organisms that make up a population

A

Shape and size differs

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18
Q

Survival and reproductive success are highly variable

A

Many more offspring are produced than can possibly survive. Thus only some individuals in each generation survive long enough to produce offspring

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19
Q

Subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not a random sample of the population

A

Individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

Occurs when individuals with certain heritable traits produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits

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21
Q

Two part statement of natural selection

A

Evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success

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22
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

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23
Q

adaptation

A

Heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking the trait

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24
Q

turberculosis

A

disease of the lungs caused by infection with the Mycobacterium bacterium tuberculosis

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25
Q

Acclimatization

A

Change in an individual’s phenotype that occurs in response to a change in natural environmental conditions

26
Q

Acclimation

A

Change in the study’s organism’s phenotype that occurs in response to laboratory conditions

27
Q

Population genetics

A

study of processes that change the allele and genotype frequencies in populations

28
Q

Genetic drift

A

Causes allele frequences in small populations to change randomly. May cause alleles that decrease fitness to increase in frequency

29
Q

Natural selection

A

increases the frequency of certain alleles-ones that contribute to reproductive success in a particular environment

30
Q

Gene flow

A

Occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed.

Allele frequences may change when gene flow occurs, because arriving individuals introduce alleles to their new population and departing individuals remove alleles from their old population.

31
Q

Mutation

A

Modifies allele frequencies by continually introducing new alleles. The alleles created by mutation may be beneficial, detrimental or neutral in their effects on fitness.

Increases genetic diversity, but usually insignificant in short term

32
Q

gene pool

A

All of the alleles of all the genes in a certain population

33
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict

A

predicts what genotype and allele frequencies will occur in the next generation.

34
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.

35
Q

Five assumptions ns that Hardy-Weinberg principle is based on

A

Random mating
No natural selection
No genetic drift
No gene flow
No mutation

36
Q

Processes of evolution

A

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation

37
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating between closely related individuals. Increases homozygosity of a population and often leads to a decline in the average fitness via selection

38
Q

Ecological selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with heritable trait that enhances their ability to survive and reproduce in a certain physical or biological environment

39
Q

Genetic variation

A

the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population

40
Q

Four main modes that natural selection occurs

A

Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Balancing selection

41
Q

Directional selection

A

Reduces genetic diversity and changes the average value of a trait

Individuals of one extreme are favored

42
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Individuals with intermediate phenotype favored

Reduces genetic diversity, but does not change mean value of a trait

43
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Both extreme phenotypes favored

Increases genetic diversity but does not change mean value of trait

Can cause speciation

44
Q

Balancing selection

A

Maintains variation in a trait

45
Q

Purifying selection

A

Selection that lowers the frequency of, or even eliminates deleterious alleles

46
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Occurs when heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals do

47
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

a situation where fitness is dependent upon the frequency of a phenotype or genotype in a population

48
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Selection of an individual of one sex for mating by an individual of the other sex

49
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

A type of sexual selection driven by competition among family members of one sex for an opportunity to mate

50
Q

sexual dysmorphism

A

Any trait that differs between males and females

51
Q

Sexual polymorphism

A

presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that occurs on males or females

52
Q

Sampling error

A

Occurs when the allele frequencies of a chosen subset of a population are different from those in the total population

53
Q

Vestigial trait

A

Reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function

54
Q

Transitional features

A

Traits in fossil species intermediate between ancestral and derived species

55
Q

Law of succession

A

Fossil species that are similar to living species in the same geographical area

56
Q

Selection

A

Differential reproduction as a result of heritable variation

57
Q

Deleterious

A

Lower fitness alleles

58
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Decline in average fitness when homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreases

59
Q

How inbreeding influences evolution

A

Increases frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

60
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Natural disaster kills individuals non selectively causing drastic reduction in population size

61
Q

Founder effect

A

Small number of individuals colonize new habitat and start new population

biology (40 decks)

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