Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Name what these people contributed to neuropsychology

Franz Gall, Pierre Flourens,William James, John Dewey

Answer 1

Franz Gall - Phrenology - behavior, intellect, personality related to brain size

Pierre Flourens - extirpation (ablation) of rabbit and pigeon brain sections to observe behavior related

William James - how mind adapts to environment using functionalism, how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

John Dewey - critized concept of reflex arc which breaks down stimulus reaction into parts. Psychology should focus on organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment

Question 2

Name what these people contributed to neuropsychology

Paul Broca, Hermann von Helmholtz, Sir charles sherrington

Answer 2

Paul Broca - behavioral deficits of people with brain damage, specific impairments linked with brain lesions. Brocas area, ability to speak

Herman von Helmholtz - measured speed of nerve impulse compared to reaction time, relating nervous system (physiology) and behavior (psychology), transition of psychology as science instead of philosphy

Sir Charles Sherrington - inferred the existence of synapses, he thought it was electrical but we know its primarily chemica

Question 3

3 kinds of neurons

Answer 3

sensory (afferent) transmit info from receptors to spinal cord and brain (to CNS)

motor (efferent) transmit info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands (away from CNS)

interneurons found between other neurons and are most common often linked to reflexive behavior

Question 4

2 branches of nervous system

Answer 4

parasympathetic (decc ht rt and increases digestion, resting, sleep, increase exocrine secretions,

sympathetic (accelerates heart rate, inhibits digestion)

Question 5

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

activated by stress, increase heart rate, redistribute blood to muscles of locomotion, increase blood glucose, relax bronchi, decreases digestion and peristalsis, dilates the eye to maximize light, releases ephinephrine into blood

Question 6

major components of brain

Answer 6

forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

hindbrain: pons, medulla oblongata (medulla), cerebellum

brainstem: hindbrain and midbrain

limbic system: group of structures associated with learning and emotion

corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, midbrain, brainstem, sprinal cord

Question 7

what are the layers of the brain

Answer 7

3 layers of connective tissue called meninges

dura mater - outer layer connected directly to skull

arachnoid mater - middle fibrous layer with weblike structures

pia mater - connected directly to the brain

the meninges reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid and anchor the brain in the skull

Question 8

What did Pierre flourens do for neuropsychology?

Answer 8

Pierre Flourens - extirpation (ablation) of rabbit and pigeon brain sections to observe behavior related

Question 9

What did William James do for neuropsychology?

Answer 9

William James - how mind adapts to environment using functionalism, how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

Question 10

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 10

cerebrospinal fluid - aqeous solution nourishing brain and spinal cord as a cushion

produced by ventricle cells (internal cavities) of the brain

Question 11

neurotransmitters have what types

Answer 11

amino acids
fatty acid derivatives

Question 12

fight or flight respons hormones

Answer 12

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 13

epinephrine vs norepinephrine

Answer 13

Question 14

Acetylcholine

Answer 14

cholinergic signaling
used in learning and memory

impaired signaling causes delerium

Question 15

GABA

Answer 15

major inhibitory NT
benzodiazapines are alcohols which calm

Question 16

serotonin

Answer 16

mood, appetite

low serotonin in depression

Question 17

endorphins

Answer 17

natural opiods

Question 18

dopamine

Answer 18

reward, pleasure

Question 19

temperament

Answer 19

demeanor, mood, energy level, emotional responsiveness

Question 20

biological determinism

Answer 20

Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism, is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individual’s genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning

Question 21

instincts

Answer 21

behaviors inherent to a species

Question 22

fixed action patterns

Answer 22

stimulus leads to a specific set of behaviors

Question 23

candidate gene approach

Answer 23

focuses on specific genes of interest to study genetic variation

Question 24

genome wide associaiton studies

Answer 24

scans whole genome