CH4.1 and 4.2 Cognition, Decision Making

Question 1

rehearsal of what kind of memory

Answer 1

short term memory

Question 2

Jean Piaget studied children of different developments and made 4 stages– they are..

Answer 2

1. sensorimotor (birth-2)
   exploration, sensory and motor skills, crawling
2. preoperational (2-7)
   object permanence is beg, imaginary friends, understand physical gestures (start of symbolic thinking), egocentric, donest understand conservation (when same amount of juice is in a tall glass (tall) is same as short bowl
3. concrete operational (7-11)
   conservation is understood, logic (less egocentric), understanding different views
4. formal operational (11+)
   hypothetical questions, problem solving, personality, mental identity

Question 3

Lev Vgotsky ideas on cognition

Answer 3

sociocultural environment and parenting styles affects cognition and personalities

Question 4

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 4

alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Question 5

environmental factors affecting cognitive development

Answer 5

oxygen deprivation, exposure to chemicals
trauma (shaken baby syndrome)

Question 6

biological factors affecting cognitive development

Answer 6

low blood sugar
ph disturbances
serious pain

could cause delirium
alcohol withdrawl

Question 7

mental set

Answer 7

A mental set generally refers to the brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and stubbornly ignore alternatives

Question 8

trial and error method and algorithmic methods

Answer 8

randomly search and try

algorithmic

Question 9

deductive reasoning vs inductive reasoning

Answer 9

Inductive reasoning involves starting from specific premises and forming a general conclusion, while deductive reasoning involves using general premises to form a specific conclusion.

Conclusions reached via deductive reasoning cannot be incorrect if the premises are true.

Question 10

heuristics and example + what is horn and halo effect

Answer 10

simplified principles to make decisions

someone says they know all about politice bc the saw one show

often used in judging people
halo effect –> pos assumption
horn effect –> neg assumption

Question 11

confirmation bias

Answer 11

is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed

Question 12

hindsight bias

Answer 12

Hindsight bias is a psychological phenomenon in which one becomes convinced they accurately predicted an event before it occurred. It causes overconfidence in one’s ability to predict other future events and may lead to unnecessary risks. Hindsight bias can negatively affect decision-making

Question 13

loyalty

Answer 13

can be counter to decision making like defenidng family

Question 14

Availablility and representativeness heuristics

Answer 14

The availability heuristic makes us estimate the likelihood of an event based on our ability to recall similar events, while the representativeness heuristic makes us estimate the probability of something based on the degree to which it resembles (or is representative of) a known situation.

Question 15

Horn and halo effect

Answer 15

Judgements about people

halo effect –> pos assumption
horn effect –> neg assumption