ENDOCRINE Flashcards

(50 cards)

0
Q

The pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid and pineal glands are examples of _______ endocrine glands

A

True

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

System of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream and regulate bodily functions

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2
Q

Other organs that contain endocrine tissue include the p_________, gonads, placenta and h________

A

Pancrease

hypothalamus

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3
Q

Organs that ________ hormones are the adipose cells, thymus and cells in the wall of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys and heart

A

Secrete

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4
Q

The endocrine system influences activities in the body via ________ transported in the blood

A

hormones

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5
Q

Exocrine glands are _____-_________ substances

They include sweat, salvia and also pancreatic enzymes

A

Non-hormonal

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6
Q

Endocrine glands produce _________ and lack ducts - it secretes into the blood stream

A

Hormones

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7
Q

_________ travel in blood or lymph (endocrine system)

A

Hormones

Think: endo-homo

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8
Q

__________ are chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them

A

Autocrines

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9
Q

P__________ are locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

A

Paracrines- they are NOT considered part of the endocrine system

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10
Q

There are two main classes of hormones:

  1. A_______- amino acid based hormones
  2. S_________
A

Amines

Steroids

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11
Q

_______ cells are tissues with receptors for a specific hormone

A

Target

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12
Q

Hormones act as receptors in one of two ways; depending on their chemical nature and receptor location.
_______________ hormones cannot enter the cell, act on plasma membrane receptors etc

A

Water soluble hormones

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13
Q

_____ soluble hormones can enter the cell (steroid and thyroid hormones ) and can directly active genes

A

Lipid

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14
Q

The _______ division (fight or flight) mobilizes the body during activity - during excercise or when threatened

A

sympathetic

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15
Q
  1. Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptors target cell

What happens next in the relay race?

A
  1. Receptors activates G protein
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16
Q

Once the receptors activates the G protein, the G protein activates what (step 3)

A

Adenylate Cyclase

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17
Q

Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to ______ (2nd messenger)

A

cAMP

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18
Q

Glucose leaves the liver via the ________ vein

A

Hepatic

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19
Q

In the body glucose is mainly stored in the _______ cell - a h___________

A

Liver

Hepatocyte

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20
Q

________ & ________ hormones diffuse target cells and bind with intracellular receptors

A

Steroid and thyroid

21
Q

Target cell activation depends on

  1. Blood level hormones
  2. Relative number of _______ on or in target cell
  3. Affinity of binding between receptors and hormone
22
Q

Endocrine gland stimulated to synthesise and release hormones in response to; h_______ stimuli, n_______ stimuli and h_______ stimuli

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

23
Q

H__________ stimuli is the changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate the secretion of hormones

24
_______ stimuli = nerve fibres stimulate hormone release
Neural
25
_________ stimuli = other organs stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
Hormonal
26
A ________ hormone is a hormone that causes the release of another hormone
Tropic
27
The ___________ is the link between the nervous and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
28
The _____gland receives input from the hypothalamus
pituitary
29
Hormones are removed from the blood via- degrading _______, kidneys and the ________
Degrading enzymes | Liver
30
The pituitary gland has two major lobes | The _________ pituitary (neural tissue) and the ________ pituitary (glandular tissue)
Posterior | Anterior
31
The __________ carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
32
________ pituitary hormones are stored in axon terminals
Posterior
33
Action potential from the _________ trigger the release of hormones into the blood stream
Hypothalamus
34
The adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release c___________
corticosteroids
35
_______ regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
corticosteroids
36
_________] regulate electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney
Mineralcorticoids
37
What gland inhibits rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus
The thyroid
38
The thyroid gland has two lateral lobes connected by median mass called _______
Isthmus
39
The thyroid hormone Is a major _______ hormone
Metabolic
40
The ______ organ has both endocrine and exocrine cells
Pancrease
41
_______ cells produce glucagon (hyperglycaemic hormone)
Alpha
42
Beta cells produce _______ (hypoglycaemic hormone)
Insulin
43
The major target of glucagon is the ______]
Liver
44
Glucagon released by alpha cells ________ blood glucose levels
increases
45
_________ is the the break down if glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
46
G_________ is the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrates
Glycogenesis
47
Insulin ________ blood glucose levels
Lowers
48
Diabetics Mellitus (DM) is. Homeostatic imbalance of _______
insulin
49
Three signs of diabetes Mellitus | ________ (huge urine output), _______ (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger and food consumption)
Polyuria | Polydipsia