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Virology > Pathogenesis (3) > Flashcards

Pathogenesis (3) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Infection is synonymous with disease

A

FALSE - is NOT

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2
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

ability of the virus to cause disease

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3
Q

What is virulence?

A

relative measure of pathogenicity of the infecting virus
- one strain could be worse than another

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4
Q

What is a strain?

A

a well-characterized virus

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5
Q

What is an isolate?

A

the virus recovered from a specific host or location

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6
Q

What is a serotype?

A

subgroup of viruses that share antigens recognized by antibodies of the immune system

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7
Q

Give two ways you can be exposed to a virus (more than 2, just list 2)

A

method of transmission
number of infecting particles (dose)
virulence of infecting particles (genetics)
speed of viral replication and spread
degree of cellular damage
effectiveness of host defenses

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8
Q

The entry of a virus into the cell is dependent on an appropriate _______

A

cell receptor

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9
Q

What are some things viruses cause once infecting a host?

A

disease
acute clinical disease
subclinical disease
induction of cancer
induction of chronic progressive disease

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10
Q

All viruses are _______

A

obligate intracellular pathogens (cannot live outside host cell)

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11
Q

What is the first step in virus infection?

A

virus binds to receptors on cells = ADSORPTION

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12
Q

______, number, and ______ of host cell receptors determine the host range and the ______ of the virus

A

Nature
distribution
tissue tropism

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13
Q

After adsorption, the bound vision is taken into the cell through _____ or _______

A

endocytosis or
fusion to the plasma membrane

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14
Q

After endocytosis, the _____ is dismantled so that its _____ is released into the cytoplasm, which is a process called _______

A

capsid
nucleic acid
uncoating

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15
Q

What are the 4 major steps in virus infection?

A

adsorption
endocytosis
uncoating
replication

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16
Q

What are some host factors influencing pathogenesis?

A

genetic
age
hormonal influence
healthy living conditions
concurrent or mixed infections
exposure to vectors
immunity

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17
Q

What is tropism?

A

spread to SECONDARY site where its choice (target) cell is
some viruses have evolved to preferentially target certain cell types, tissues, or hosts

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18
Q

Rabies virus is _______

A

neurotropic (tending to attack the nervous system)

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19
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever targets the ______ system, and bovine virus diarrhea targets the ______

A

vascular system
lymphoid tissues

20
Q

What are the types of tropism regarding preferred cells?

A

cellular tropism
host tropism
tissue tropism

21
Q

What is neurotropic? It replicates at the [primary/secondary] site. What also occurs?

A

direct inoculation
replicates at primary site then spreads to secondary site where its target cell is
Systemic disease also occurs and sheds in secretions

22
Q

What is epithelial tropic? It replicates at the [primary/secondary] site. What also occurs?

A

direct inoculation
replicate at primary site then spreads to secondary site where its choice cell is
Systemic disease usually occurs and sheds in secretions

23
Q

What are other types of tropism?

A

gastrointestinal tract tropism (enteric viruses)
respiratory tract - maybe?
immune system cells - retroviruses - maybe?
lymphoid tissues

24
Q

What are the two principal types of infection?

A

localized
systemic

25
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

limited to the site of entry to the virus
- cattle warts
local spread and local inflammatory response

26
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

spread to various organ systems depending on viral tropism
- canine distemper

27
Q

T/F: Rhinovirus is an example of a localized infection

A

TRUE

28
Q

Systemic infections are caused by _______

A

viremia

29
Q

When can systemic disease follow when a virus enters the bloodstream?

A

if the basement membrane is disrupted

30
Q

What are some of the variations on the theme of localized and systemic infection?

A

inapparent infections
immunopathologic disease
congenital infections
persistent and latent infection
slow virus infections
oncogenicity

31
Q

Slow virus infections occur where the incubation period is _______

A

prolonged

32
Q

What is a congenital infection?

A

viral infection during pregnancy
can be infection in utero, during birth, congenital defects, fetal death

33
Q

In congenital infections, the virus is usually transferred to the fetus during the _____ phase of the dam

A

viremic

34
Q

What are peristent infections?

A

following a short incubation period with clinical recovery
usually result in serious disease and death

35
Q

What are latent infections?

A

a persistent infection in which the latent virus is activated intermittently, resulting in a rapid viral replication and recurrent manifestation of disease
- herpes virus remain latent then reactivated by stress
- does not ever clear the infection

36
Q

What are inapparent infections associated with?

A

infection of a reservoir species/host
low infectious dose
infection with virus of low virulence
host resistant

37
Q

Which type of variation is epidemiologically important? (serve as an unrecognized source for the spread of viruses)

A

inapparent infections

38
Q

What is an example of an oncogenic virus infection?

A

feline leukemia virus
feline sarcoma virus
murine leukemia and sarcoma viruses
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus

39
Q

What are the DNA tumor viruses?

A

papovirus (warts)
hepadnavirus
herpesvirus
adenovirus
poxvirus

40
Q

What are RNA tumor viruses?

A

retroviruses (oncovirinae)

41
Q

COVID is a [systemic/localized] disease

A

systemic

42
Q

Pathogenic viruses have different ______

A

virulences

43
Q

Viruses have different sites of replication relative to _______, the preferred cells and tissue

A

tropism

44
Q

Virus excretion occurs only at the site in [systemic/localized] infections, but may excrete from many organs in [systemic/localized]

A

localized
systemic

45
Q

_______ is characteristic of some disease. The characteristics of the infection are related to virus transmission and perpetuation

A

Immunopathology

46
Q

Herpesvirus moves [towards/away] the CNS

A

away

Virology (16 decks)

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