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virology > Epidemiology (7) - End E1 > Flashcards

Epidemiology (7) - End E1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some signs of salt poisoning?

A

initially thirst, constipation, skin irritation, lack of appetite
nervous signs: ear twitching, aimless wandering, bumping not objects, dog-sitting - may move around foot with a pivot

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2
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of determinants, dynamics, and distribution of diseases in a population

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3
Q

The risk of infection and/or disease is determined by what?

A

characteristics of the virus, the host, and host population
behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors that affect virus transmission from one host to another

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4
Q

Viruses survive in nature only if they _____

A

are able to pass from one host to another, whether of the same or another species

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5
Q

What are the 2 primary transmission routes?

A

horizontal transmission
vertical transmission

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6
Q

What is direct contact? It is [horizontal/vertical] transmission

A

licking, rubbing, biting, sexual acts
horizontal

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7
Q

What is indirect contact? It is [horizontal/vertical] transmission

A

fomites, such as bedding, instruments, halters, grooming equipment
horizontal

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8
Q

What are fomites?

A

carrying infectious agents and hence transferring them from one individual to another

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9
Q

What is a common vehicle? It is [horizontal/vertical] transmission

A

virus contaminated meat, water supplies
horizontal

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10
Q

What is airborne? It is [horizontal/vertical] transmission

A

droplet, aerosol, dander
horizontal

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11
Q

What is arthropod borne? It is [horizontal/vertical] transmission

A

mechanical and biological
horizontal

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12
Q

What are examples of vertical transmission?

A

intra-uterine
milk
integration proviral DNA into germline of fertilized egg (not in mammals)

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13
Q

T/F: Milk is an example of horizontal transmission

A

FALSE - vertical

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14
Q

What does iatrogenic mean?

A

caused by the doctor

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15
Q

What does nosocomial mean?

A

caused by the clinic

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16
Q

What is zoonotic?

A

infections transmissible from animals to humans

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17
Q

What is acute self-limiting infection?

A

high efficiency of transmission (many individuals infected over a short period of time)
virus excretion of short duration to limit reduction of susceptible (no latent infections)
immunity forces variants - through antigenic drift and shift
mechanism 1

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18
Q

Antigenic [shift/drift] has been associated with the major pandemics of human influenza in the last century

A

SHift

19
Q

Antigenic shift is facilitated by a _______

A

segmented genome
causes a new strain

20
Q

Antigenic DRIFT is caused by ______

A

small mutations

21
Q

What is persistent/latent infection?

A

prolonged period of excretion reduces the population necessary for transmission
promotes transmission for non-herding species by venereal route (intercourse)
antibody and virus can co-exist
mechanism 2

22
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is an example of a _______ infection

A

persistent/latent infection - herpes virus

23
Q

What is resistance of the virus to the environment?

A

survival favors famine transmission or transmission in meat products
virus is not highly infectious; hence number of susceptible animals does not fall as animals born compensate for those infected
mechanism 3

24
Q

What is perpetuation through a host?

A

vector host is often an arthropod in which the virus replicates
infection in arthropod is persistent - can be passed vertically
biological transmission indicates the virus replicates in the arthropod, compare mechanical transmission through contaminated mouthparts
mechanism 4

25
Q

West Nile encephalitis transmitted by mosquitoes is an example of ______

A

perpetuation through a host

26
Q

What is biological transmission?

A

involves replication of the virus in the arthropod vector

27
Q

How does an arthropod vector acquire the virus?

A

by feeding on the blood of a viremic animal

28
Q

What is a reservoir host?

A

the natural host of a virus

29
Q

What is a carrier?

A

the host that harbors infections and can spread to others

30
Q

What is a dead end?

A

host is severely infected, but the level of viremia is too low for blood sucking vector to pick up the virus

31
Q

What is perpetuation through congenital/veritcal transmission?

A

virus may be transmitted transplacentally without necessarily causing either death or fetal abnormalities
virus may be recognized as “self”
virus can be transferred through milk
viral genome may be integrated into the genome of gametes
mechanism 5

32
Q

When a virus has the ability to maintain a line of transmission in a new species, it may be described as having the ability to ______

A

“jump species”

33
Q

Mechanisms for virus perpetuation often involve _____

A

wildlife

34
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

the species/environment in which an infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces

35
Q

Based on the limited data available, the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 is considered to be [high/low]

A

low

36
Q

Some viruses survive better as _____ in a ______ climate

A

aerosols
humid

37
Q

What is sequencing in the context of molecular epidemiology?

A

it provides a means of identification of viral strains with a specificity that surpasses serological methods

38
Q

The entire viral genome may be sequenced if the pathogen is _____

A

novel
ex: canine influenza

39
Q

______ is an example of sequencing used in epidemiology.

A

Viral genomic sequencing

40
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms that perpetuate a virus?

A
  1. acute self-limiting infection
  2. persistent infection
  3. resistance of the virus to environment
  4. involvement of a host
  5. congenital/vertical transmission
41
Q

Who said “the single biggest threat to man’s continued dominance on this planet is the virus”

A

Joshua Lederberg

42
Q

What infection replicates rapidly and at a high titer?

A

acute self-limiting infections

43
Q

There are different types of hosts that contribute to the maintenance, transmission, and occurrence of viral diseases. They are ____

A

primary host
reservoir host
incidental (dead end) host

44
Q

An integrated approach to disease control is through

A

using vaccines
use of molecular epidemiology and genomic sequencing
modeling
using surveillance
staying informed via websites that monitor disease occurrence and outbreaks

virology (16 decks)

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