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virology > Classification & Replication of Viruses (2) > Flashcards

Classification & Replication of Viruses (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses can replicate only in _____ cells of animals, plants, and bacteria

A

living cells

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2
Q

Viruses are [intermediate/obligate] parasites that are metabolically inert when they are outside of their hosts

A

obligate

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3
Q

What do viruses rely on?

A

on the metabolic processes of their hosts to reproduce themselves
the viral diseases we see are due to host’s response to it

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4
Q

What is a prion?

A

a misfolded protein
not a virus, or any other recognized infectious agent

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5
Q

What do all prions affect?

A

the structure of the brain or other neural tissue
progressive
have no known effective treatment
always fatal

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6
Q

What are prions resistant to?

A

resistant to denaturation by chemical and physical agent

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7
Q

What is a proteopathy?

A

disease of structurally abnormal proteins
a prion is an example of this

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8
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

capsid
envelope
nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)

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9
Q

Viral proteins are “_______” to their receptor proteins

A

lock and key - initiating infection

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10
Q

Both the ____ and ______ of a virus are antigenic, meaning that it causes an immune response triggered from antigens on the virus

A

capsid
envelope

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11
Q

What is the capsid made of?

A

glycoproteins - capsomeres

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12
Q

T/F: All viruses have an outer envelope

A

FALSE

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13
Q

What is the function of a capsid?

A

protect the fragile nucleic acid genome from:
physical damage
chemical damage
enzymatic damage
protein subunits

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14
Q

What are some properties of viruses?

A

heat sensitive
pH sensitivity
lipid solvents
chemicals
radiation and UV light
humidity

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15
Q

T/F: Enveloped viruses are generally less sensitive to lipid solvents and heat

A

FALSE - more sensitive

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of virus capsids?

A

isometric (icosahedral)
helical
complex
filamentous

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17
Q

What’s an example of an icosahedral capsid?

A

herpes virus

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18
Q

What is the structure of icosahedral capsid?

A

constructed of 20 equilateral triangular faces

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19
Q

What is the structure of a helical capsid?

A

tubular construction with the subunits arranged around the nucleic acid in a coil

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20
Q

What are examples of helical capsids?

A

rabies
flu
coronaviruses

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21
Q

What are the 2 symmetrical types of capsids?

A

icosahedral
helical

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22
Q

What are the 2 unsymmetrical capsid structures?

A

complex
filamentous

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23
Q

What are examples of complex viruses?

A

small pox
phage

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24
Q

What are filamentous viral capsid structures?

A

pleomorphic (able to assume different forms)

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25
Q

What’s an example of a filamentous capsid viral disease?

A

ebolavirus

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26
Q

What is the family of viruses?

A

(-viridae)

27
Q

What is the genera of viruses?

A

(-virus)

28
Q

What is viral taxonomy based on?

A

morphology of vision, capsid, and envelope
genome (RNA, DNA, SS, DS, etc)
serological relationships (serotypes)
replication strategy

29
Q

Coronaviridae is a [double/single]-stranded, [enveloped/unenveloped], [helical/icosohedral] [RNA/DNA] virus

A

single
enveloped
helical
RNA

30
Q

Capsomeres are assembled from ______ and these can now be crystalized and studied for ________

A

proteins
receptor binding (spike proteins)

31
Q

________ are specific to host cell receptors

A

Capsid proteins

32
Q

Capsid structural proteins are important for what?

A

viral stability and attachment

33
Q

What are non-structural proteins (functional)?

A

enzymes involved in viral replication

34
Q

_______ are generally formed against the structural proteins

A

Antibodies

35
Q

How do antibodies being found against non-structural proteins help?

A

can help in differentiating animals vaccinated with inactivated recombinant vaccines, from those naturally infected (DIVA principle)

36
Q

What are the capsid and envelope responsible for?

A

recognition of the host cell (receptor binding)

37
Q

The capsid and envelope initially take the form of binding a specific _______ to a _________

A

virus-attachment protein to a
cellular receptor molecule

38
Q

What are the 7 classes of viral genomes?

A

dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
-ssRNA
+ssRNA
ss+RNA (retrovirus)
gapped dsDNA
= +mRNA

39
Q

What is a promiscuous virus?

A

capable of infecting several species (like rabies)

40
Q

What is a plastic virus?

A

exhibiting adaptability to change or variety in the environment (like influenza)

41
Q

SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus) is [plastic/promiscuous]

A

promiscuous - any mammal with ACE 2 receptor is susceptible

42
Q

What is a strain?

A

a well-characterized virus

43
Q

What is virulence?

A

different strains possessing different properties

44
Q

What is an isolate?

A

refers to the virus recovered from a specific host or location

45
Q

What is a serotype?

A

generally means that immunity is NOT conferred by previous exposure to a different type

46
Q

What are the 4 main groupings of viruses on the basis of epidemiological criteria?

A

enteric viruses
respiratory viruses
arboviruses
oncogenic viruses

47
Q

What are arboviruses?

A

“arthropod-born viruses” replicate in their hematophagous arthropod hosts and are then transmitted by bite to vertebrate hosts

48
Q

T/F: Viruses must replicate in living

A

TRUE

49
Q

T/F: All cells will support replication of particular viruses

A

FALSE - not all do

50
Q

Both viruses and cells have _____ and an affinity (_______) between them that results in attachment

A

receptors
complementarity

51
Q

In the 1930s, _____ was used to titrate influenza virus. Since the 1950s, ______ have been used

A

embryonated egg
cell cultures

52
Q

What does syncytia mean?

A

giant cells

53
Q

What are cytopathic effects in cell culture?

A
  1. cells pile up, losing the property of inhibition and thus form giant cells or syncytia
  2. form inclusions in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  3. die
54
Q

What does cytopathic cell mean?

A

kill cell becoming the host

55
Q

T/F: All cells are cytopathic (will kill the host)

A

FALSE
example: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), virus is present and replicating but cells look normal

56
Q

What happens in a persistent, productive viral infection?

A

no cytopathic effect: little metabolic disturbance
cells continue to divide
may be loss of the special functions of some differentiated cells

57
Q

What happens in a transformation viral infection?

A

alteration in cell morphology
cells can be passaged indefinitely

58
Q

What is a plaque assay? What do you do in this?

A

area with cells: blue (due to staining)
area with white: where virus grew and killed cells
count the plaques in the highest dilutions - “plaque-forming units” or “pfu/mL”

59
Q

What is a quantitative assays of viruses - tissue culture infective dose 50?

A

virus titration experiments which can be used to quantify virus titers by investigating the cytopathic effects of a virus on an inoculated host cell culture4
compared to the widely used plaque assays, TCID50 assays offer the advantage that even viruses that do not form plaques or infect cell monolayers can be quantified.

60
Q

What is quantitative assays of viruses - tissue vulture infective dose 50 used for?

A

characterize strain by measuring virulence
used when quantity of virus at various steps is important
producing vaccines

61
Q

T/F: Viruses can also be grouped based on epidemiological criteria, such as clinical presentation

A

TRUE

62
Q

_________ can measure the infectivity of viral particles through quantitative assays that observe cytopathic effects in cell cultures

A

Laboratories

63
Q

T/F: The steps of DNA and RNA replication for viruses is completely different

A

FALSE - however, the mechanism of replication differs significantly

virology (16 decks)

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