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BIO 2104 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the types of microorganisms we will be studying

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoan
Viruses
Prions
Helminths

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2
Q

What is the Impact of Microbes on Earth? (4)

A
  • Majority of Earths Oxygen
  • Through Endosymbiosis bacteria and archae gave rise to eukaryotic cells
  • Enrich soil
  • Clean Pollutants
  • Allow animals to digest substances
  • Sometimes cause disease
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3
Q

What qualities are required to say that evolution is a theory?

A
  • Documented everywhere, on all corners of the planet
  • Observable and testable by science
  • Tested by multiple researchers who get the same result
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4
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
What are the direct translations of their names?

A

Prokaryote - “Before Nucleus” NO NUCLEUS

Eukaryote - “True Nucleus” HAS A NUCLEUS

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5
Q

True or False: Microscopic Organisms Produce More Oxygen Than Plants

A

True, microorganisms account for more than 70% of earth’s photosynthesis and contribute to the majority of the oxygen in the atmosphere

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6
Q

What is bioremediation? Describe an example

A

Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms for the betterment of the environment.
ex: Cleaning oil spills

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7
Q

What is the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes between developed countries and developing countries

A

Developed countries have access to healthcare, vaccines, and safe food and water sources with little to no contamination

Developing countries suffer from microbe diseases such as pneumonia, flu, tubercolosis, and diarrheal diseases.

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8
Q

True or False: All microbes cause disease. Explain

A

False, Only pathogenic microbes cause disease. These are very few in comparison with all other microbes

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9
Q

Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya

A

They are the three domains of life

Eukarya: Have Nucleus + Organelles

Bacteria and Archaea: Have Neither
+ Are Unicellular

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10
Q

Compare the relative sizes of different microbes

A

Look at Grey Circles

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11
Q

Identify two types of acellular microorganisms. How do they live and what is this term called?

A

Prions and Viruses

They require a host to live off of
“Parasites”

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12
Q

In terms of size, how are eukaryotes different from bacteria and archaea

A

They are ten times larger because they have organelles and a nucleus

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13
Q

Why are helminths considered in the study of microbiology?

A

Their eggs are microscopic and they are parasitic (infectious, causing disease)

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14
Q

Theory

A

When a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of data and survives rigorous scrutiny

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15
Q

What are the taxonomic categories?

A

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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16
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

OQHEAC
Observe
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion

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17
Q

How do we name organisms and write scientific names appropriately?

A

Capital Genus
Lowercase Species

Italicized (on computer)
Underlinesd (on paper)

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18
Q

What are the three major domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

BAE

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19
Q

Explain the relationship between atoms and elements

A

Elements are made up of atoms, and the number of subatomic particles determines which element it is

Atoms are tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller particles without losing its properties

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20
Q

Describe Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing electrons

Polar shares Unequally
Nonpolar shares Equally

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21
Q

Describe Ionic Bonds

A

Donating electrons from one molecule to another

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22
Q

Describe Hydrogen Bonds

A

Between separate molecules:
A weak bond between slightly positive hydrogen and another negative charge

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23
Q

What type of bond is within a water molecule?

A

Polar Covalent

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24
Q

What type of bond is found within DNA

A

Hydrogen

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25
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Synthesis

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26
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Decomposition

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27
Q

Identify the type of reaction:

A

Exchange

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28
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that is dissolved (sugar)

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29
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances

(water)

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30
Q

pH above 7

What molecule does it have more of?

A

Basic (alkaline)
Hydroxide

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31
Q

pH below 7

What molecule does it have more of?

A

Acidic
Hydrogen

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32
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms

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33
Q

Compound

A

2 or more different atoms

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34
Q

Is O2 a molecule, compound or both? Why

A

Molecule only (has two atoms but they are not different)

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35
Q

List the three types of bonds from strongest to weakest

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

Cats in Heaven

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36
Q

What makes a molecule organic?

A

It must contain carbon and hydrogen in the same molecule

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37
Q

Identify three reasons why carbon is essential to life

A
  • Makes up all organic molecules
  • Can form four covalent bonds with different types of elements
  • Create diverse types of organic compounds
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38
Q

What are the four families of biochemicals?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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39
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrate

A

Lactose, Glucose, Polysaccharide

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40
Q

What is an examples of a lipid?

A

Phospholipids, Cholesterol

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41
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

Amino Acids, Structural Proteins

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42
Q

What is an example of a nucelic acid?

A

ATP
DNA
RNA

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43
Q

Describe and draw the four levels of protein structures

A

Primary - Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain
Seconday - Alpha helix, Beta Sheets
Tertiary - 3D Folding
Quaternary - Multiple 3D structures

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44
Q

What are the three components of nucleic acids?

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base (ATCGU)

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45
Q

What nitrogen bases are in DNA? RNA?

A

DNA - ATCG
RNA - AUCG

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46
Q

What are the three components of ATP?

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose
Three Phosphates

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47
Q

What characteristics are common to all cells?

A

DNA
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

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48
Q

What is the basic definition of a cell?

A

The fundamental units of life

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49
Q

Eukaryotic Cells vs Bacteria and Archaea

A

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes which mean that they do not have a nucleus or organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do

Bacteria and Archaea are also ten times smaller than Prokaryotes

50
Q

What are the five I’s in order?

A

Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification

51
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does inoculation mean?

A

Sample is placed from one source to another

52
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does Incubation mean?

A

Providing the proper growing condtions to grow microbes quickly (incubator)

53
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does isolation mean?

A

Isolating the different types of microbes into individual colonies

54
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does inspection mean?

A

Observation with the eye or microscope

55
Q

Identifying the five I’s:
What does Identification mean?

A

Using tests to determine exact organisms

56
Q

Identify the three physical states of media and describe when they are used

A

Liquid - Useful for growing large amounts of bacteria in bulk

Semisolid - Used to see movement

Solid - Usefult for isolating individual colonies

57
Q

Selective Media

A

Inhibits the growth of other microbes and choose what we want to grow

58
Q

Differential Media

A

All microbes grow but allows for some sort of observable differences between growth

59
Q

What are examples of media that are both differential and selective?

A

Mannitol Salt Agar
MacConkey Agar

60
Q

When is Mannitol Salt Agar used?

A

Selects for Staphylococcus species because of high concentrations of salt
Differentiates S. aureus and S. epidermidis

61
Q

When is MacConkey Agar used?

A

Selects for Gram- bacteria and inhibits the growth of Gram+ bacteria
Differentiates lactose and non lactose fermenters

62
Q

What type of media is Blood Agar?

A

Differential and Enriched

63
Q

Defined OR Synthetic Media

A

Has a known and stable concentration of nutrient(s)

64
Q

Complex Media

A

Has some undefined components within it

65
Q

Identify the two defintions of the term “culture’

A

Verb: The action of isolating colonies
Noun: Growth on media

66
Q

How do you convert among the (5) lengths of the metric system

A

m to cm (100)
cm to mm (10)
mm to µm (1000)
µm to nm (1000)

67
Q

Convert 3 cm to µm

A

30,000µm (multiply by 10 for mm and multiply by 1000 for µm)

68
Q

Convert 700nm to µm

A

0.7µm (divide by 1000)

69
Q

Convert 3nm to µm

A

0.003 µm

70
Q

Identify the three elements of good microscopy

A

Resolution
Magnification
Contrast

71
Q

What is the range and what can we see using a light microscope

A

Anything in the micrometer (µm) range

Lots of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

72
Q

What is the range and what can we see under an electron microscope?

A

Anything in the nanometer range

Viruses, Prions, DNA

73
Q

Identify and describe the two main categories of stains

A

Positive Staining - Stain Organisms
Negative Staining - Stain the Background

74
Q

Crytal Violet
Methylene Blue
Safranin
Malachite Green

A

Examples of Positive Stains

75
Q

Nigrosin
India Ink

A

Examples of Negative Stains

76
Q

Describe a Simple Stain

A

Uses a single dye and tells us basic information about a cell like the shape, size, and arrangement

77
Q

Describe a Differential Stain

A

Two different colored stains and is used to contrast cell TYPES or PARTS

78
Q

Describe a Negative Stain

A

Stains the background ratehrn than the cells

79
Q

Describe what the colors mean in a gram stain

A

G+ Purple
G- Pink

80
Q

Describe a Special Stain

A

Is used to look for and emphasize specific structures of a cell

81
Q

Identify and describe three examples of special stains

A

Endospore: Distinguish endospores from vegatative cells
Capsule: Identify capsules in some bacteria and fungi
Flagellar: Identify flagella to determine motility

82
Q

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with the 40x objective

A

400x

83
Q

The use of biological systems for the betterment of the environment

A

Bioremediation

84
Q

An enzyme that speeds up the rate of a reaction

A

Catalyst

85
Q

A mass or group of organisms visible on an agar plate that originate from a single mother

A

Colony

86
Q

The growth of undesired or unexpected elements present on or within a culture

A

Contaminated Culture

87
Q

The colored difference between two objects

A

Contrast

88
Q

Fixing Smears

A

Usually done with heat to ensure the organisms are not washed away with each of the following steps and to preserve cell characteristics

89
Q

A kingdom of life under the Eukaryotic domain of life. These organismsare known as decomposers and are not to be confused with the kingdom Plantae

A

Fungi

90
Q

General Media

A

A media type that provides enough nutrients that allows for the growth of a broad array of organisms

91
Q

Identify the purpose of a gram stain

A

The gram stain is used to identify differences between Bacterial cell structure

92
Q

Describe the cell structure of a gram negative cell

A

Cell Membrane
Thin Cell Wall (peptidoglycan)
Cell Membrane

93
Q

Describe the cell structure of a gram positive cell

A

Thick Cell Wall (Peptidoglycal)
Cell Membrane

94
Q

Helminths are also called

A

Parasitic Worms

95
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable idea that is used to explain or further explore an existing occurence

96
Q

Immunocompromised

A

An impaired immune system that leads to a greater risk of acquiring infections, and a higher difficulty in fighting them off

97
Q

Inorganic Molecule

A

A molecule that does not contian BOTH carbon and hydrogen

98
Q

Ionization

A

The process by which a molecule or atom gains or loses an electron

Anion: Gains an electron and has a net negative charge

Cation: Loses an electron and has a net positive charge

99
Q

Magnification

A

The enlargement of an image

100
Q

Matter

A

Tangible materials that occupy space and have mass

101
Q

Media/Medium

A

A solid, liquid, or semisolid substance that is designed to support (or inhibit) the growth of microorganisms

102
Q

Microbiology

A

The scientific study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

103
Q

Mixed Culture

A

A culture type is one that contains more than one type of organism in a media type

104
Q

Organism

A

A living thing that has the ability to function on its own

105
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that requires a host to live and gets its food at the expense of the host

106
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes or can cause a disease

107
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of the history of the evolution between groups of organisms

108
Q

What is a prion?

A

Misfolded proteins that are pathogenic and have the ability to damage and alter the nervous sytem

109
Q

What is a protozoan?

A

Single celled eukaryotic organisms

110
Q

Pure culture

A

A culture type that contains a single type of organism

111
Q

Resolution/Resolving Power

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects from each other

112
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids do not have a double bond and hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule

Unsatured fatty acids have a double bond and do not have hydrogens surrounding the entire molecule

113
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The theory that living organisms developed from nonliving matter

114
Q

Sterile

A

Completely free from microorganisms

115
Q

Taxonomy

A

A scheme or hierarchical classification of all living organisms

116
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Seemingly present everywhere

117
Q

Virus

A

Parasitic microbes composed of genetic material inside a protein coating

118
Q

Identify four professions that use microbiology

A

Medical Microbiology
Public Health + Epidemiology
Immunology
Environmental MIcrobiology
Agricultural MIcrobiology

119
Q

What are the three particles associated with atoms? What is the charge and where are they located

A

Protons + In the Nucleus
Neutrons 0 In the Nucleus
Electrons - In Orbitals

120
Q

What are the basic shapes of cells?

A

Bacillus (Rods)
Coccus (Spheres)
Spirochetes (Spirals)

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

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