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BIO 2104 > EUKARYOTES CH 5 > Flashcards

EUKARYOTES CH 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the four groups of eukaryotes discussed in class and identify whether they are unicellular, multicellular or both

A

Protozoans - Unicellular
Fungi + Algae - Unicellular OR Multicellular
Helminths - Multicellular

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2
Q

How did eukaryotic functions change over time?

A

They started off unicellular and independent

  • Eukaryotes have since evolved to become multicellular; each with unique functions that benefit the entire organism
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3
Q

T/F: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes evolved independently

A

False; Through endosymbiosis eukaryotes got mitochondria and chloroplasts

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4
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

The idea that one prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote and developed to form eukaryotic cells with mitochondria and chloroplasts

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5
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell Walls

A

Prokaryote - Peptidoglycan
Eukaryote - Chitin OR Cellulose

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6
Q

What is the cell wall composed of in different Eukaryotic organisms

A

Fungi - Chitin
Algae - Cellulose

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7
Q

T/F: All Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane

A

True; this includes ALL cells.

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8
Q

Identify the following structures and select which are present in all Eukaryotic cells

A

A - Chloroplast
B - Nucleus*
C - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum*
D - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum*
E - Mitochondria*
F - Cell Membrane*
G - Cell Wall
H - Flagella
I - Cilia
J - Golgi Apparatus*
K - Cytoskeleton*
L - Ribosomes*

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9
Q

Identify the structures common to all eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Mitrochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Ribosomes
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10
Q

Identify the structures present in some eukaryotic cells

A
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell Wall
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11
Q

Which structure surrounds the entire cell and is selectively permeable, allowing in some things, but limiting others

A

Cell membrane

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12
Q

Which organelle is responsible for housing the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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15
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and storage of lipids and nonprotein molecules

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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16
Q

Which organelle modifies proteins so they could be sent out and around the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

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17
Q

What is the order of protein formation?

A
  • DNA is transcribed into mRNA
  • mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the ribosome for protein synthesis
  • Sent to the rough ER
  • Sent to Golgi apparatus to modify the protein and get it sent to where it needs to go in vessicles
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18
Q

Mitochondria Cristae + Matrix Functions

A

Cristae - Center for Aerobic Respiration + ATP formation
Matrix - Holds (70s) Ribosomes + (circular) DNA + Other enxymes and compounds used in metabolism

19
Q

Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA and 70s ribosomes

A

They are prokaryotic structures that were engulfed in endosymbiosis

20
Q

T/F: Fungal spores have a tough outer coating that allows them to survive in extreme conditions

A

False;
Fungal spores are not to be confused with endospores. A Fungal spore is a reproductive structure

21
Q

Asexual fungal spores contained in a sac like head

A

Sporangiospores

22
Q

What are the microscopic fungi? Which is unicellar and multicellular

A

Mold - Multicellular
Yeast - Unicellular

23
Q

What is hyphae? What fungi produce hyphae?

A

Long threadllike cells found in MOLD

24
Q

What is pseudohyphae? What fungi produce pseudohyphae?

A

Chains of unicellular YEAST cells; can look like the long threadlike cells found in mold

25
Q

Conidaspore vs Sporgangiospores

A

Conidaspore - Breaking off hyphae (long threads found in mold)
Sporangiospores - Reporductive sacs

26
Q

How do most fungal infections occur in humans?

A

Contact with soil, water, or dust

27
Q

What is the primary function of fungi?

A

Decompose material + Return essential minerals to soil

28
Q

T/F: Pathogenic fungi always require a host to complete their life cycle

A

False; If they require a host they are parasitic NOT pathogenic

29
Q

Define a protist

A

Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tisses;
This means that cells are not specialized to carry out a single function; they can work together but not divide work for the greater organism

30
Q

What are the five organisms in the kingdom protista

A

Dinoflagellates
Algae
Ciliates
Amoebas
Slime Molds

DACAS

31
Q

Why do fungi infect humans?

A

They do not want to infect humans; when they do it’s because we came into contact with one another (but they do not want to be there)

32
Q

What kingdom is algae in? How does it work?

A

Protista
They are multicellular, but work independently from one another (they lack true tissues)

33
Q

Identify and describe the two stages of life in protozoans. Compare this to similar structures

A

Trophozoites - Active stage (vegetative cell)

Cyst - Dormant resting phase when conditions are unfavorable for growth (endospore)

34
Q

T/F: Algae dont cause any type of human disease

A

False; cyanobacteria cause toxic diseases

35
Q

T/F: All protozoa have a trophozoite form, but not all produce cysts

A

True;
Cysts only form when conditions are not ideal for the protozoa

36
Q

What term do we use to describe protozoan and helminth pathogens

A

Parasite

37
Q

T/F Helminths can reproduce in all of their hosts

A

False; they can only reproduce in the definitive host

38
Q

Identify the helminth stages of life and what host each lives in

A

Egg -
Larvae - Intermediate Host
Adult - Definitive Host

39
Q

In which host does larval development occur?

A

Intermediate

40
Q

Do helminths have tissues and organs? What does this mean?

A

Yes, this means that are cells with specialized functions in different areas

41
Q

Describe the lifecyle of the pinworm

A

Person comes into contact with microscopic eggs and ingests them
The larave hatch in the small intestines and grow over the course of a month
Pregnant pinworms migrate through the colon to the anus where they lay eggs outside of the rectum
These eggs are itchyand the person scratches and get it on their hands
Infected person can reinfect themselves and/or other people they come into contact with

42
Q

Who do helminths want as their definitive host?

A

Humans

43
Q

List the four types of eukaryotes studied by microbiologists

A

Helminths, Protozoans, Algae, Fungi

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

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