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BIO 2104 > BACTERIA CH 4 > Flashcards

BACTERIA CH 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the structures common to all bacterial cells

A

Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
DNA (in the nucleoid region)

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2
Q

Identify the structures present in some bacteria

A

Cell Wall
Capsule
Pilus
Plasmid
Fimbriae
Flagella

CC, PP, FF

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3
Q

Identify the following structures and select which are present in all bacterial cells

A

A - Fimbriae
B - Cytoplasm*
C - DNA in Nucleoid*
D - Plasmid
E - Ribosomes*
F - Flagella
G - Pilus
H - Capsule
I - Cell Wall
J - Cell Membrane*

*Present in all Bacterial Cells

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4
Q

Identify and describe the general shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus - Circles
Bacillus - Rods
Vibrio - Any curve

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5
Q

Describe the general arrangements of cocci

A
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6
Q

Describe the general arrangements of bacilli

A
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7
Q

T/F Bacterial Fimbriae are used for conjugation

A

False; they are used to attach or hold onto things
Pili are used for conjugation

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8
Q

Capsules vs Biofilm

A

Capsules surround a single cell and is used as protection against phagocytosis

Biofilm surrounds entire cell communities

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9
Q

Function of Flagella

A

Long tail-like appendages that allow for true motility, and in some cases, attatchment

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10
Q

Function of Axial Fillaments

A

Inching Motion

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11
Q

Function of Fimbriae

A

Attatchment + Holding onto other cells (strep throat remaining in our pharynx)

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12
Q

Function of Pili

A

Attatchment from one bacteria to another; allows for the exchange of DNA from the plasmid
“bacterial sex”

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13
Q

Identify and describe the two types of chemotaxis

A

Positive Chemotaxis - Movement toward a favorable chemical stimulus
Negative Chemotaxis - Movement away from a potentially harmful chemical stimulus

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14
Q

You successfully complete a gram stain and all of your bacteria are pink. What does this tell about the structure of the bacterial species

A

GRAM-
Outer Membrane
Thin Peptidoglycan Layer (Cell Wall)
Inner Membrane

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15
Q

Describe Gram- Bacteria

A

Pink

Outer Membrane
Thin Peptidoglycan Layer (Cell Wall)
Inner Membrane

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16
Q

Describe Gram+ Bacteria

A

Purple

Thick Peptidoglycan Layer (Cell Wall)
Cell Membrane

17
Q

Describe the gram stain procedure + Purpose + What the cells look like at each (major) step

A
  • Place cells on a slide and let dry
  • When dry, heat fix
  • Add Crystal Violet Dye (Both cells purple)
  • Add Grams Iodine (mordant sticks the dye to G+ cells; both purple)
  • Alcohol (rinses away crystal violet in G- cells; G+ Purple, G- Clear)
  • Add Safranin (G+ Purple, G- Pink)
18
Q

How do Antibiotics work?

A

They work by targetting the peptidoglycan layer in bacteria (or 70s ribosomes);
- This mainly effects G+ Bacteria because they have a thick and exposed peptidoglycan layer
- This is not as effective in G- cells because they have porin proteins that can send the antibiotic in the opposite direction

19
Q

Which type of bacterial infections are most difficult to treat?

A

Gram-

20
Q

How does the outer membrane of gram- bacteria contribute to disease symptoms

A

Gram- Bacteria have an outer cell membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that can lead to fever and shock reactions

21
Q

How do Porin Proteins contribute to disease

A

They are found in the outer cell membrane of G- bacteria. Antibiotics work by targeting peptidoglycan but the porin proteins have the ability to send the antibiotics in the opposite direction stopping the effectiveness of the drug

22
Q

How do Lipopolysaccharide contribute to disease

A

Found on the outer cell membrane of G- bacteria. When the bacterial cell is killed, lipopolysaccharides enter the bloodstream. Our body is then led to believe that we have a systemic infection and when we try to fight it we get high fevers, our blood volume drops, and we have shock reactions

23
Q

T/F: Plasmids are vital to the metabolism of bacterial cells

A

False; plasmids contain genes that are considered “nice to have” but are NOT NECESSARY; superpowers

24
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Suspend organelles within the cell

25
Q

Bacterial vs Eukaryotic Ribosomes. What is the significance of this difference?

A

Bacteria - 70s
Eukaryotes - 80s

Bacterial ribosomes are slightly smaller. This difference allows us to create antibiotics that target the 70s ribosomes

26
Q

Describe Vegetative Cells

A

This is the active form
This occurs when the cell receives proper and adequate nutrients

27
Q

Describe Endospores

A

The inactive form;
This occurs when the cell is not receiving proper or adequate nutrients; In this state they can withstand and resist ordinary cleanining methods and harmful environments including extreme high and low temps

28
Q

Describe Sporulation

A

The process by which a vegetative cell turns into an endospore when the conditions and environment are not suitable for living

29
Q

Describe Germination

A

The process by which an endospore turns into a vegatative cell when the conditions are ideal and suitable for living

30
Q

Do bacterial cells have a nucleus?

A

No, the DNA resides in an area called the nucleoid

31
Q

Is bacterial DNA circular or linear?

A

Circular; still a double helix but with no relative end like in eukaryotes

32
Q

Tetanus vs Botulism

A

Tetanus - Tense muscles
Botulism - Limp muscles

Both very deadly in similar ways

33
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Allows nutrients in + Lets wastes out
Create a structure to hold everything inside
Barrier from the environment

34
Q

Extremophile

A

Extreme Loving

35
Q

Methanogen

A

Methane Producer

36
Q

Halophile

A

Salt Loving

37
Q

Psychrophile

A

Cold Loving

38
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

Extreme heat loving

39
Q

T/F Archaea do not cause human disease

A

False; ie: gingivitis

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

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