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BIO 2104 > ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT CH 12 > Flashcards

ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT CH 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Prophylaxis

A

The use of a drug to PREVENT infection (vaccine; condom)

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2
Q

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

A

The use of chemicals or drugs to control microbial infection

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3
Q

Antimicrobial

A

All inclusive term used to describe antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral medications

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4
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substance used to target bacteria

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5
Q

Semisynthetic vs Synthetic Drugs

A

Semisynthetic Drugs are found in nature but chemically modified in a lab
Synthetics Drugs are produced entirely in a lab

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6
Q

Narrow vs Broad Spectrum Drugs

A

Narrow - Limited Ability
Broad Spectrum - Targets an “all” structre (DNA, Ribosomes, cel wall etc)

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7
Q

What is the main goal of antimicrobial treatment?

A

One that is selectively toxic; Harms microbe but no harm to host

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8
Q

List the four characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug

A
  • Kill the microbe not the person
  • Function at low concentrations (gets diluted in body)
  • Cant break down before killing the pathogen
  • Practical and reasonably priced
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9
Q

What are the common sources of antimicrobial drugs? What is penicillin’s classification?

A

Bacteria and Fungi (but mainly fungi)
- Penicillin is a product of fungi

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10
Q

What are the three things that must be known before starting antimicrobial therapy? How do we gather this infromation?

A
  • Identify the organism (obtain sample and isolate organism)
  • Measure the organism’s susceptibility to various drugs (kirby-bauer sensitivity test)
  • Medical condition and state of the patient (patient history of allergies and medical conditions specifically LIVER or KIDNEY DISEASE)
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11
Q

T/F: Once antimicrobial sesceptibility is established, choosing the right antibiotic is an easy process

A

FALSE

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12
Q

What is selective toxicity

A

Antimicrobial treatments that kill the pathogen without harming the host

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13
Q

How is penicillin selectively toxic?

A

It inhibits peptidoglycan production in the cell wall of bacteria; works primarily on gram pos+ cells

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14
Q

What organism types are most difficult to achieve selective toxicity with?

A

Eukaryotic organisms; we share too much of the same structures making it difficult for us to target specific structures

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15
Q

How does selective toxicity play a role in cancer treatments?

A

Tumor cells are OUR cells; very difficult to target so instead we target cells in the body that grow quickly which has harmful side effects in and throughout the body

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16
Q

How are Rifamycin and Streptovaricin selectively toxic?

A

They block RNA polmerase;
This stops the fomation of mRNA and Protein synthesis

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17
Q

How is Tetracycline selectively toxic?

A

Inhibits proteins synthesis by binding to 70s ribosomes and blocking tRNA from enterring

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18
Q

How is Polymyxin B selectively toxic?

A

Intereferes with cell membrane structure in gram neg- cells by interfering with lipopolysaccharide structure

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19
Q

How is Trimethoprim selectively toxic?

A

Intereferes with folic acid production which is required for protein formation

(humans eat it, but bacteria MAKE it; so we can target the enzyme the catalyzes folic acid production)

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20
Q

T/F: an antibiotic that acts on the baterial cell wall will have no effect on a human cell

A

True

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21
Q

T/F: an antibiotic that acts on the bacterial ribosome will have no effect on a human cell

A

False; our mitochondria have 70s ribosomes

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22
Q

Identify the 5 categories that antibiotics target. Which three are MOST selectively toxic?

A
  • Cell wall*
  • Cell membrane
  • DNA/RNA
  • Ribosomes (protein synthesis)*
  • Folic Acid Synthesis*

are the most selectively toxic*

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23
Q

Broad vs Narrow Spectrum Drugs

A

Broad - Impacts large groups of microbes
Narrow - Impacts only a small group of microbes

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24
Q

For the following drugs, which are considered broad spectrum? What do they work best on?
- Penicillin
- Tetracycline
- Polymyxin

A

Penicillin: Broad Spectrum; Works best on Gram Pos+
Tetracycline: Broad Spectrum; Everything BUT mycobacteria
Polymyxin: Mycobacteria

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25
Q

Why is penicillin more effective on gram pos+ bacteria?

A

They have a THICK, OUTER peptidoglycan layer

26
Q

Apart from penicillin, what other drugs target the cell wall?

A

Cephalosporins, Vancomycin, and Bacitracin

27
Q

What is the drug found in neosporin? What does it target?

A

Bacitracin; targets bacterial cell wall

28
Q

What is the cephalosporin drug discussed in class? What is it used to treat? Why

A

Ceftaroline; used to treat MRSA and is used just in EMERGENCIES

29
Q

What are the two products of actinomycetes? Are they broad or narrow spectrum?

A
  • Streptomyces
  • Micromonospora
    BROAD SPECTRUM
30
Q

What drugs work as alternatives of tetracycline when bacteria have become resistant to tetracyclines?

A

Glycylcyclines

31
Q

How is sulfamethoxazole selecitvely toxic?

A

It blocks the enzyme used to catalyze and synthesize folic acid

32
Q

Third generation fluroquinolone used to treat resistant bacteria. What is it called? How does it work? Does it work best on Gram Pos+ or Gram Neg-?

A

Levofloxacin
- Targets DNA or RNA by blocking helicase or stopping RNA Polymerase from making mRNA
- Works best on gram pos+

33
Q

Which antibiotic is known to be able to target and get into biofilms? Does it work best on Gram Pos+ or Gram Neg-?

A

Daptomycin; works best on gram pos+

34
Q

What do antiviral agents target?

A
  • Block entry
  • Block replication of VIRAL proteins
  • Block exit
35
Q

Identify a drug that targets the cell wall

A

Penicillin

36
Q

Identify a drug that targets protein synthesis

A

Tetracycline

37
Q

Identify a drug (group) that targets folic acid synthesis

A

Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim

38
Q

Identify a drug that targets DNA or RNA

A

Levofloxacin

39
Q

Identify a drug that targets the cell membrane

A

Polymyxin B; daptomycin

40
Q

T/F: Antifungal and antihelminthic drugs can be toxic to human cells

A

True; we are both eukaryotes

41
Q

Why are antiviral drugs not always made?

A

They are difficult to make without harming the host

42
Q

Trace the development of penicillin antimicrobials

A
  • Completetly natural and harvested from penicillium to treat infections
  • Most of those original drugs no longer work due to antibiotic resistance
  • We have since modified them to make them more efficient (semisynthetic drugs)
43
Q

What does drug resistance mean?

A

The ability to survive some amount of a drug that it was previously susceptible to
(still considered drug resistant if it requires a higher concentration)

44
Q

Intrinsic vs Acquired Resistance

A

Intrinsic: resistant to antibiotics they produce (used to kill other microbes that fight for their same nutrients)
Acquired: resistance after previously being susceptible

45
Q

How does drug resistance develop? Which is more common?

A

Spontaneous mutations (VERY RARE)

Horizontal Gene Transfer (Much More Common; Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation)

46
Q

Identify and describe the three different types of drug resistance

A
  • Pump the antibiotic out (efflux pumps)
  • Blocking transmembrane protein that allows drug into the cell
  • Enzyme production that works to breakdown the drug
47
Q

Describe the role people play in creating drug resistance

A

We over prescribe and under utilize antibiotics.

When a patient takes an antibiotic for a few days and
stops they are selecting for the more resistant bacteria and if they continue to take antibiotics, eventually the bacteria they have will no longer be affected by the antibiotic

48
Q

What are the four new approaches to antimicrobial therapy

A
  • Disable host molecules that are necessary for the bacteria (bacteria that we dont need but that they do)
  • Giving bacteriophages to host to kill bacteria
  • Modify resistance genes with tools like CRISPR
  • Pre/probiotics + Fecal Transplants
49
Q

Prebiotics vs Probiotics

A

Prebiotic - Food for the microbes
Probiotics - Good Microbes

50
Q

Fecal Transfer

A

Replace lost good bacteria (after antibiotic use) with that of significant other (put their poop into pills to seed body w helpful microbes)

51
Q

T/F: Bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics without ever encountering the drug

A

True; this can occur with horizontal gene transfer

52
Q

T/F: you should stop taking antibiotics when you stop feeling symptoms

A

FALSE!!!!

53
Q

List ONE new approach to antimicrobial therapy

A

Pre/Probiotics
CRISPR
Bacteriophage
Disable necessary nutrients

54
Q

List and describe ONE way microbes become resistant to microbes

A

Catalyze Antibiotic
Modify the entry site
Pump it out (efflux pump)

55
Q

What are the three common categories of major side effects from drugs. Which additional one is the most common

A

Allergic Reaction
Tissue Damage
Disrupt microbiome

DIARRHEA - Most common

56
Q

What are allergies in a nutshell

A

Immune response overreacts

57
Q

Describe Superinfections

A

After antibiotic use you wipe out good microbes and now you have room for bad bacteria to grow

Parking Lot Theory (when spots are open bad bacteria take the opportunity to vacate these positions)

58
Q

How can we mitigate or prevent superinfections

A

Provide your gut with probiotics (good microbes) and prebiotics (good microbe food) following antibiotic use

59
Q

Overgrowth of certain mirobes due to antibiotic therapy is known as

A

Superinfection

60
Q
A

BIO 2104 (10 decks)

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