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ANS 421: Animal Health and Disease > Bovine Diseases > Flashcards

Bovine Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alternative name for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex?

A

Shipping fever.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of shipping fever?

A

Depression, anorexia, fever, lowered ears/head, abnormal lung sounds, soft cough. Upper airway (pharynx, trachea, nose) and lower airway (cranioventral lung lobes) are affected.

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3
Q

What are the 4 major viral agents that cause BRDC?

A
  1. BRSV.
  2. IBR.
  3. PI-3.
  4. BVD.
    *Serves as the primary infection that allows for the secondary bacterial infection to occur.
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4
Q

What are the 4 major bacterial agents that cause BRDC?

A
  1. Mycoplasma bovis.
  2. Histophilius somnus.
  3. Pasteurella multocida.
  4. Mannheimia hemolytica (releases leukotoxin).
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5
Q

What are the 8 contributing factors to the development of BRDC?

A
  1. Stress prior to shipping.
  2. Processing and handling (close quarters in a livestock trailer, ventilation on the trailer).
  3. Poor nutrition.
  4. Time w/o food or water (contributes to poor nutrition).
  5. Weather stressors.
  6. Concurrent diseases (ex: parasites).
  7. Transport.
  8. Co-mingling (auctions, stockers).
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6
Q

What are some stressors that occur prior to shipping?

A
  1. Weaning.
  2. Vaccination.
  3. Castration.
  4. Dehorning.
  5. Anti-parasitic treatment.
  6. Creep feeding.
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7
Q

In what ways is BRDC minimized at cow-calf operations?

A
  1. Ensuring adequate colostrum intake.
  2. Optimal energy/protein intake prior to calving.
  3. Having a calving-friendly environment.
  4. Substitute colostrum when needed.
  5. Vaccinating pregnant cows to increase the number of antibodies in the colostrum.
  6. Conditioning calves prior to shipping by doing weaning and health procedures more than 3 weeks prior to shipping.
  7. Farm biosecurity.
  8. Proper parasite control.
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8
Q

What are the three considerations that need to be taken when vaccinating against BRDC?

A
  1. Booster (follow recommended timing and frequency on the label.
  2. Timing (Vaccines don’t work instantly and the immune system needs time to respond. Also, maternal antibodies need time to clear the system).
  3. MLV v. Killed (Some MLV vaccines cannot be used in pregnant/nursing cows and some can, better immune response. Killed vaccines are safer, but cause a weaker immune response.
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of leptospirosis in cattle?

A

Abortions, weak calves, stillbirths, agalactia, liver failure, hemolytic crisis, kidney failure.

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10
Q

Where is leptospirosis found?

A

It is ubiquitous in wet environments, including the urinary tract .

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11
Q

What are the reservoirs for leptospirosis?

A

Wildlife, domestic animals, rodents, humans.
*Zoonotic.

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12
Q

What is the description of the Leptospira bacteria?

A

An aerobic spirochete with 180 serovars.
*We vaccinated against the 5 most common

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13
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

Infected animals shed bacteria from their urinary tracts and animals drink the contaminated water. The bacteria penetrates the oral mucosa. Can be shed with aborted fetuses.

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14
Q

Are the vaccines cross protective for the serovars?

A

No, must vaccinate for multiple serovars.

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15
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for leptospirosis?

A

Initial vx, booster 4 wks. later, then annually or biannually. 1-2 months before breeding.

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16
Q

What is a bacterin?

A

A piece of bacteria that is placed in vaccines to stimulate an immune response. Short duration of immunity.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of clostridial bacteria?

A
  1. Anaerobic.
  2. Spore forming.
  3. Gas producing.
  4. Produce toxins in their vegetative form.
  5. Ubiquitous in the environment, but especially prevalent in the intestinal tract of mammals and in the soil.
  6. All have a high mortality rate.
  7. Different species cause different clinical symptoms.
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18
Q

What is the alternative name for Clostridium chauvoie?

A

Blackleg.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of blackleg?

A
  1. Lameness.
  2. Fever.
  3. Swelling over the affected muscle with crepitus.
  4. Acute death.
  5. Lesions may or may not appear.
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20
Q

What age group does blackleg commonly occur in?

A

Cattle that are < 2 years of age and higher yield (fast growing and well-muscled).

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21
Q

How is blackleg contracted?

A

Spores are ingested and then possibly sit dormant in the muscle tissue.

22
Q

What is the alternative name for Clostridium septicum?

A

Malignant edema.

23
Q

What 3 other bacteria can cause malignant edema?

A
  1. Clostridium novyi type B.
  2. Clostridium sordelli.
  3. Clostridium perfringens.
24
Q

What are the symptoms of malignant edema?

A
  1. Fever.
  2. Swelling around the wound.
  3. Anorexia.
25
Q

Where are the bacteria’ that cause malignant edema found?

A

In the feces of domestic animals and the soil near livestock populations.

26
Q

How is malignant edema contracted?

A

Through wounds and reproductive trauma.

27
Q

What are the 2 alternative names for Clostridium hemolyticum?

A
  1. Bacillary Hemoglobinuria.
  2. Red Water Disease.
28
Q

What are the symptoms of red water disease?

A
  1. Fever.
  2. Anorexia.
  3. Port-wine urine.
  4. Pale, icteric mucous membranes.
29
Q

Where is the red water disease bacteria found?

A

The spores are found in healthy animals, then passed in the feces or urine.

30
Q

What are the requirements for red water disease to occur?

A

The liver must be damaged by a concurrent infection of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica), allowing the bacteria to enter the liver and release toxins that cause liver necrosis and intravascular hemolysis.

31
Q

What are the 2 alternative name for Clostridium novyi type B?

A
  1. Infectious necrotic hepatitis.
  2. Black Disease.
32
Q

What are the pathophysiology and symptoms (excluding port wine urine) of black disease similar to?

A

Red Water Disease.

33
Q

What are the requirements for black disease?

A

A damaged liver and an anaerobic environment. Bacteria will proliferate and release toxins.

34
Q

What is a common finding with black disease?

A

Sudden death.

35
Q

What are the 2 alternative names for Clostridium perfringens Type C?

A
  1. Enterotoxemia.
  2. Necrotic Enteritis.
36
Q

What are the symptoms of enterotoxemia?

A
  1. Brown, yellow, hemorrhagic diarrhea.
  2. Moribund.
  3. Anemia.
  4. Weakness.
  5. Dehydration.
  6. Acute death.
37
Q

What age group is enterotoxemia normally found in?

A

Calves that are <1 week old.

38
Q

Where is enterotoxemia found?

A

Worldwide in the intestinal tract of animals.

39
Q

What is the alternative name for Clostridium sordelli?

A

Sudden death.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of sudden death?

A
  1. Acute death.
  2. Black hemorrhages on the brisket.
  3. Neck, and throat muscle necrosis w/ no gas formation.
41
Q

What group of animals does it most commonly affect?

A

Feedlot cattle.

42
Q

What are the 2 alternative names for Clostridium tetani?

A
  1. Tetanus.
  2. Lockjaw.
43
Q

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

A
  1. Muscle spasms.
  2. Sawhorse stance.
  3. Prominent protrusion of the third eyelid.
  4. Bloat (From the cessation of rumen function).
  5. Unsteady gait with extended tail.
  6. Collapse.
  7. Respiratory paralysis that leads to death.
44
Q

Where is tetanus found?

A

In the soil and sometimes in the GI tract.

45
Q

How is tetanus contracted?

A

When the bacteria enters a wound, whether accidentally or post-surgically.

46
Q

What does the tetanus bacteria do once it has entered a wound?

A

Produces a toxin which targets the nervous system causing muscle spasms.

47
Q

What is the treatment for clostridial diseases considered to be?

A

Challenging and costly.

48
Q

What vaccines are available for clostridial diseases?

A
  1. CD&T.
  2. 9-way.
  3. 8-way.
  4. 7-way.
  5. 4-way.
    *May not contain C. tetani.
49
Q

What are the components in a clostridial disease vaccine?

A

A bacterin or a toxoid.

50
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for clostridial diseases?

A
  1. Initial Vx, Booster 4-6 weeks later, then every 6-12 months after.
  2. Calves are vaccinated at six months of age.
  3. Cows are given a booster prior to calving.

ANS 421: Animal Health and Disease (25 decks)

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