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ANS 421: Animal Health and Disease > Immunology and Vaccines > Flashcards

Immunology and Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

The condition of being immune; security against a particular disease; nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of microorganisms, toxic effects of antigenic substances, or helminth parasites.

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2
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any substances that cause antibody production. Usually proteins.
ex: Pollen, bacteria.

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3
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind antigens and neutralize them. Produced by B-lymphocytes.

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4
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

The form of non-specific immunity animals are born with that is composed of physical (Skin, mucus production, respiratory tract cilia) and chemical (Body temp., HCL secretion) barriers that mounts an immediate response when antigens are detected.

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5
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

The form of antibody-dependent, specific immune response that results in memory and increases in strength and effectiveness with more exposure or a higher antigen dose.
*Effectiveness depends on health, genetics, and innate immunity.

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6
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

The transfer of antibodies from a donor in which they were produced to a recipient. Confers temporary immunity.
ex: Colostrum.

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7
Q

What is active immunity?

A

The immunity that follows exposure to an antigen and results in antibody formation and the formation of other active immune response related cells.

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8
Q

What is IgM?

A

The antibody that is the first to respond to antigens.
*Systemic.

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9
Q

What is IgG?

A

The antibody that is produced by the adaptive immune system or is in circulation from a previous response.
*Systemic.

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10
Q

What is IgA?

A

The antibody that provides localized immune responses in the GI tract, respiratory tract, and conjunctiva.

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11
Q

What is IgE?

A

The antibody responsible for causing inflammation and responding to parasitic infections.
*Systemic.
**Too much can cause anaphylaxis.

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12
Q

What is IgD?

A

The antibody that may activate B lymphocytes.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a primary immune response?

A
  1. Slow response.
  2. Majority IgM.
  3. Weak response.
  4. Low Abs titer.
  5. Abs detected for a short period of time.
  6. Longer and more severe illness.
  7. Initial exposure to the antigen.
  8. Does not generate memory.
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a secondary immune response?

A
  1. Rapid response.
  2. Majority IgG.
  3. Strong response.
  4. High Abs titer.
  5. Abs detected for months to years.
  6. Shorter and less severe illness.
  7. Secondary exposure.
  8. Generates memory.
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15
Q

What are titers?

A

A measurement of the levels of antibodies in circulation. Normally a blood test.

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16
Q

When will IgM be detected in a titer?

A
  1. After initial vaccination.
  2. After recent exposure.
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17
Q

When will IgG be detected in a titer?

A
  1. After a booster vaccine.
  2. After disease exposure or recovery (depending on how long the antibodies stick around).
  3. During a current disease.
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18
Q

Why are vaccines given to young animals in a series?

A

To ensure that the maternal antibodies have cleared the system and are not combating the virus, leaving the individual immunocompromised.

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19
Q

Why is vaccinating young animals a balancing act?

A

If the vaccineis given too early, the maternal antibodies neutralize it. If the vaccine is given too late, the animal is at risk for natural infection.

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20
Q

How many placental layers can IgG fully cross?

A

3.

21
Q

How many placental layers can IgG for the most part cross?

A

4.

22
Q

How many placental layers can IgG not cross?

A

5+ placental layers.

23
Q

What immunoglobulin is passed strictly in colostrum?

A

IgA.

24
Q

What 2 species have a 3 membrane placenta?

A
  1. Humans.
  2. Primates.
25
Q

What 2 species have a 4 membrane placenta?

A
  1. Dog.
  2. Cat.
26
Q

What group of animals has a 5 membrane placenta?

A

Ruminants.

27
Q

What 3 species of animals have a 6 membrane placenta?

A
  1. Pig.
  2. Donkey.
  3. Horse.
28
Q

Why is vaccinating pregnant animals important?

A

It allows for colostrum to be created that contains Abs for antigens in the environment.

29
Q

What are the 3 types of vaccines?

A
  1. Modified live (MLV).
  2. Killed (KV).
  3. Recombinant.
30
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a modified live vaccine?

A
  1. Live but altered to be avirulent.
  2. Long-lasting immunity.
  3. Can cause immunosuppression, abortions, and mild disease (rare).
31
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a killed vaccine?

A
  1. Safe and stable.
  2. Requires repeated doses to maintain immunity.
  3. Adjuvants are added to improve immune response-can cause injection site reaction.
  4. Organism killed by chemical means.
  5. Weaker response.
32
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a recombinant vaccine?

A
  1. Non-adjuvanted.
  2. Safe and effective.
  3. Made through DNA technology.
  4. Increased cost.
33
Q

What are the 2 ways vaccines are stored?

A
  1. Refrigerated.
  2. Reconstitution.
34
Q

What are the 4 most common routes of administration for vaccines?

A
  1. SQ.
  2. Transdermal.
  3. IM.
  4. Intranasal.
35
Q

What are minor post-vaccinal adverse reactions?

A

Transient swelling at injection site, lethargy, local pain, fever.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of mild anaphylaxis?

A

Urticaria (full body hives), periocular swelling, facial edema, swelling of the extremities, diarrhea, vomiting.

37
Q

What are the symptoms of severe anaphylaxis?

A

Death, respiratory arrest, cardiovascular collapse.

38
Q

What are 2 other possible post-vaccinal adverse reactions?

A
  1. Post-vaccinal sarcomas in cats.
  2. Other immune-mediated reactions (IMTP, IMHA, Polyarthritis).
39
Q

What are the normal injection sites used on felines?

A

Legs or tail, as close to the free end as possible.

40
Q

What are the 4 core vaccines for canines?

A
  1. Rabies.
  2. Canine parvovirus.
  3. Canine distemper.
  4. Infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus).
41
Q

What are the 7 non-core vaccines for canines?

A
  1. Influenza.
  2. Parainfluenza.
  3. Lyme.
  4. Bordetella bronchiseptica.
  5. Giardia.
  6. Leptospira.
  7. Coronavirus.
42
Q

What are the 4 core vaccines for felines?

A
  1. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV).
  2. Feline viral rhinotracheitis (herpes) and calicivirus.
  3. Feline panleukopenia.
  4. Rabies.
43
Q

What are the 6 non-core vaccines for felines?

A
  1. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).
  2. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV).
  3. Feline infectious peritonitis.
  4. Giardia.
  5. Feline bordetella.
  6. Chlamydophila felis.
44
Q

Why is the FeLV vaccine listed as a core vaccine and a non-core vaccine?

A

The FeLV vaccine is given to all kittens, but once the animal is older, it may not need to be given the FeLV vaccine if it is an indoor cat in a single cat household.

45
Q

Are all vaccines the same or given on the same schedule?

A

No, different vaccines have different dosage frequencies (Triannually, biannually, annually). Personal preferences, environment, state ordinances, and local ordinances also influence what vaccines are given and when they are given.

46
Q

What are the 4 core vaccines in equines?

A
  1. Rabies.
  2. Tetanus.
  3. Eastern/Western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE/WEE).
  4. West Nile Virus (WNV).
47
Q

What are the 8 risk-based vaccines in equines?

A
  1. Rotavirus.
  2. Streptococcus Equi (Strangles).
  3. Potamic Horse Fever (PHF).
  4. Botulism.
  5. Equine influenza.
  6. Equine herpes virus (EHV).
  7. Anthrax.
  8. Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
48
Q

What are the 13 listed vaccines we may give cattle (function and environment dependent)?

A
  1. Pasteurella.
  2. E.coli.
  3. Rotavirus.
  4. Coronavirus.
  5. Brucellosis.
  6. Clostridial diseases.
  7. Campylobacterosis.
  8. Bovine diarrhea virus (BVD).
  9. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
  10. Leptospirosis.
  11. Rabies.
  12. Paninfluenza 3 (PI3 or PI-3).
  13. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV).
49
Q

What are the 5 vaccines given to small ruminants

A
  1. Chlamydia psittaci.
  2. Campylobacter.
  3. Rabies.
  4. Clostridial diseases. Perifringens type C&D + tetanus toxoid (CD-T).
  5. Contagious Ecthyma (Sore mouth). Requires approval of state veterinarian before administration due to being a live vaccine.

ANS 421: Animal Health and Disease (25 decks)

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