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Pharmacology > Introduction to pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to pharmacology Flashcards

This is the first week of pharmacology. I know you will make it past this semester, do not let distractions mess with you !!

1
Q

What do drugs do ?

A

-Prevent disease
-Treat disease
-Improve quality of life

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2
Q

What are the 6 rights of drug administration?

A

-Right patient
-Right dose
-Right route
-Right time
-Right Reason
-Right patient

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3
Q

What does the FDA do ?

A

Regulate testing and approval of drugs

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4
Q

What are different type of clinical trials?

A

-Pre-clinical: Test on a living organism, can be an animal

-Phase 1: a pilot study of a potential drug using a small number of selected, usually healthy human volunteers

-Phase 2: Begins to be test on actual patients who have the disorder the drug targets

-Phase 3: Usually doctors report back to researchers less frequently, medicine goes out to a larger group. Side affects and adverse affects are given, and it is sent to the FDA for approval

Phase 4: Continuous evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing. It is still be watched for any adverse affects

Drugs can be taken off the market if any extreme adverse affects are shown, which can happen at any phase

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5
Q

What is a chemical name?

A

Chemical make up

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6
Q

What is the brand/trade name is ?

A

It based on what the company names it

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7
Q

What is the generic name?

A

The generic name is a shortened version of the chemical name
-These products are less expensive , they have the same chemical active ingredients.

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8
Q

What does off label mean ?

A

Use of drug not part of approved FDA indications

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9
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What is schedule l ?

A

High abuse potential and no accepted medical use
(Ex: Heroin, LSD, Marijuana

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10
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What is schedule ll?

A

High abuse potential with severe dependence liability (narcotics, amphetamines, and barbiturates)
-Morphine, meperidine, oxycodone, cocaine, barbiturates
Can still be prescribed in the united states

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11
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What is schedule lll?

A

Less abuse potential than schedule II drugs and moderate dependence liability (nonbarbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, limited amounts of certain narcotics)
anabolic steroids; Vicodin

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12
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What schedule lv?

A

Less abuse potential than schedule III and limited dependence liability (some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics)
-Diazepam, lorazepam

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13
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What schedule 5?

A

Cam have abuse potential but it is really low
Limited abuse potential. Primarily small amounts of narcotics (codeine) used as antitussives or antidiarrheals.

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14
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

How the drugs affects the body

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15
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

How the body acts on the drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism/Biotransformation
-Excretion

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16
Q

What are receptor sites?

A

The location where drugs act on specific areas of cell membrane so that it can cause an effect within the cell

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17
Q

What are drug enzyme interactions?

A

Drugs can cause an effect interfering with enzyme system

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18
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Ability of a drug to attack only the systems found in the foreign cells, not directly toxic to the host

19
Q

What does it mean if a drug is an agonist?

A

Binds to the receptor sites and produces an effect

20
Q

What does it mean if the drug is antagonists?

A

Antagonists prevent blocking an affect does not allow something to happen.Binds to the site but prevents another substance to attach to receptor
-can prevent histamine from attaching to the receptor to prevent allergic affects

21
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

How the body acts on the drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism/Biotransformation
-Excretion

22
Q

**Pharmacokinetics
What is absorbtion?

A

What happens to the drug when it enters the body to the time it gets into circulation

23
Q

What is enteral route of administration?

A

Anything that involves the GI system
-Orally(PO) (Note first pass effect)
-Sublingual
-Rectal

24
Q

What is parenteral route of administration?

A

This does not involve the GI system
-Topical
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
-Iv,subq,Im

25
Q

**Pharmacokinetics
what is the difference between lipid soluble vs water soluble in the blood brain barrier

A

-Lipid soluble can cross over the blood barrier
-Water soluble is harder to pass through the blood barrier

26
Q

***Pharmacokinetics
What is metabolism?

A

-When drugs are converted into new less active chemicals
-Body is trying to breakdown drug and get rid of it

27
Q

***Pharmacokinetics
Describe the job of the liver ?

A

-Most important site of drug metabolism
-First-pass effect: is when the drug goes through the liver, liver breaks down drugs, and the liver delivers a portion to the stomach and small intestine for absorption
-P450 enzymes is the most abundant in the liver
-If the drug or substance is able to increase the activity of an enzyme it is going to increase the the breakdown activity of the drug, which is the opposite of what is needed

-If someone smokes the drug dosage will increase because nicotine activates the enzymes, which causes the breakdown of food faster

28
Q

***Pharmacokinetics
Describe excretion?

A

Excretion is removal of drug from the body
-Kidney is a major organ for excretion
-Skin also excretion
-Liver- bile, also does excretion
-Feces also excretion

If you’re kidneys are not excreting then toxic can grow in your blood

29
Q

***Pharmacokinetics
Describe meanings of
-Onset
-Peak
-Duration of action

A

Onset of drug action:
-Time required to illicit a therapeutic response

Peak Effect:
-Time required for drug to reach maximum therapeutic effect

Duration of Action:
-Length of time that drug is exerting therapeutic effect

30
Q

***Pharmacokinetics
What is half life and provide example.

A

Half-life
- Time required for concentration of drug in the body to be reduced by one-
half
If half-life 4 hours and dosage is 100 mg

31
Q

What are factors that influence drug affects?

A

-Dosage( Frequency, amount, number/duration of treatment)
-Route
-Food/Drug
-Body weight
-Genetics
-Gender

32
Q

What are disorders that influence drug effects

A

-Cardiac disorders (decrease blood flow)
-Renal disorders
-Hepatic disorders
-GI disorders(N/V/D, lBS, Chrons DZ)
-Thyroid disorders (slows metabolism or speeds metabolism )

33
Q

How does age affect drug effects?

A

-Fetus: immature liver/kidney
-Newborn; organs not fully developed
-Children(1-12): More studies needed
-After age 12 similar to adults
-Older adults: Multiple physiological changes

34
Q

How do older adults factors influence drugs effects?

A

Changes in GI
-Slow motility, flattened villi in small intestine
Cardiac changes
-Decreased CO to vital organs
Liver
-Slower metabolism
Renal
-Slower excretion, can be such as 40%-50%

35
Q

What is adverse drug effects?

A

-Any unwanted/unexpected response to a drug that have been given
-Can occur to anyone at anytime

36
Q

**Adverse effects
What is primary action for adverse affects?

A

When the dose is adjusted to decrease a reaction

Like antihypertensive; Decreases high blood pressure

37
Q

**Adverse effects
What is secondary actions ?

A

May not be able to reduce dose for symptoms

Like antihistamines help prevent allergic reactions but can lead to drowsiness but the goal is to prevent the allergic reaction.

38
Q

What happens during drug allergy/hypersensitivity?

A

-Body forms antibodies against drugs and can lead to immune response to antibodies

**Type I immediate hypersensitivity disorders:
histamine release
Type II antibody-mediated disorders:
antibodies bind to drug on cell receptor site, cause cell death
Type III immune complex-mediated disorders:
antibodies in blood settle in tissues, cause damage
Type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity disorders:
hours later, antibodies bind to WBC

39
Q

What does garlic do for the body?

A

immune supporter, mild HTN, cholesterol
decreases platelet aggregation

40
Q

What does ginger do for the body?

A

digestion, n/v, antispasmodic
decreases platelet aggregation

41
Q

What dos Ginkgo biloba ?

A

-antioxidant, peripheral vasodilator, increase
blood flow to the CNS
-Decreases platelet aggregation

42
Q

What is St. John’s wart herb?

A

-antidepressant and anti-viral
-effects in 4-8 weeks
-many drug interactions esp. transplant meds and antidepressants, interacts with HIV meds

43
Q

What is Echinacea herb?

A

-Stimulates immune system
-Cold, flu, URI, stop after two weeks

44
Q

When not to take herbs?

A

Do not use if pregnant- Not enough research on safety
Do not take if nursing-DO not how will effect the baby
Do not give to infants or young children
Do not take in large quantities
Buy products with plant and quantity listed on the label-Important to know what’s in it and how much
Let your HCP know
Do not stop your other meds

Pharmacology (39 decks)

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