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Anatomy > 15/16. Brain > Flashcards

15/16. Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum (2 hemispheres)
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Diencephalon
Hollow cavities called ventricles

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2
Q

Brain stem consists of

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Diencephalon consists of

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Development of the brain

A

Develops from the rostrum end of the neural tube
Constrictions form 3 primary vesicles:
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Caudal end of neural tube becomes spinal cord

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5
Q

Prosencephalon (forebrain) consists of

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (thalamus-y-things)

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6
Q

Mesencephalon (midbrain) consists of

A

Only the mesencephalon

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7
Q

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) consists of

A

Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
Myelencephalon ( medulla oblongata)

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8
Q

What are ventricles of brain (not types)

A

Cavities in brain, continuous with central canal of spinal cord
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lined by ependymal cells that produce CSF

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Produced from blood and nourishes and protects brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Ventricles of the brain include

A

Lateral ventricles (1&2)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

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11
Q

Location of lateral ventricles (1&2)

A

Within cerebrum

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12
Q

Location and connections of third ventricle

A

Within diencephalon
Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramina

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13
Q

Location, connections, and openings of fourth ventricle

A

Within brainstem
Connected to 3rd ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (midbrain)
3 openings (apertures) to subarachnoid space

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14
Q

External protection of brain

A

Skull, meninges, and CSF

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15
Q

Internal protection of brain

A

Blood-brain barrier made by astrocytes

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16
Q

Characteristics of meninges

A

3 connective tissue layers external to brain and spinal cord
Layers create potential spaces between them

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17
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Dura mater (“tough mother”) - has 2 layers
Arachnoid mater (“webbed mother”)
Pia mater (“delicate mother”)
Only pia mater follows contours of the brain

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18
Q

Types of dural folds in brain

A

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

What does the falx cerebri separate

A

Separate left and right cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

What does the falx cerebelli do

A

Separates left and right sides of cerebellum

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21
Q

Function of tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates cerebrum and cerebellum (like a tent over cerebellum)

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22
Q

Types of dural venous sinuses

A

Superior saggital sinus, inferior saggital sinus, straight sinus, confluence of sinuses, transverse sinus, and sigmoid sinus

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23
Q

Locations of superior and inferior saggital sinus

A

In falx cerebri

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24
Q

Function of straight sinus

A

Drains inferior saggital sinus and great cerebral vein from vein

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25
Function of confluence of sinuses
Junction of superior saggital sinus and straight sinus
26
Location of transverse sinus
In tentorium cerebelli
27
Function of sigmoid sinus
Carries blood from transverse sinus to jugular foramen
28
Overall circulation of CSF
CSF in ventricles CSF returned to blood by arachnoid granulations (of villi) projecting into dural sinuses from subarachnoid space
29
Specific circulation of CSF
Lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle - apertures - subarachnoid space - arachnoid granulations - dural venous sinuses
30
General features of cerebrum
Surface is wrinkled with ridges (gyro) and valleys (sulci) to increase surface area Deep valleys are fissures Consists of gray matter (cell bodies and non-myelinated axons) and white matter (mostly myelinated axons)
31
Types of fissures in the cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure (separates right and left hemispheres) Lateral fissure (separates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes) Transverse cerebral fissure (separates cerebrum from cerebellum)
32
Gray matter in cerebrum consists of
Cerebral cortex (outer layer of gray matter) Brain nuclei (concentrations of cell bodies) Perform complex neural functions
33
Location and function of white matter in cerebrum
Deep to cortex, surround nuclei Allow for rapid processing between areas
34
5 lobes of cerebrum
Named for associated skull bones Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula (deep to lateral fissure)
35
Further lines and regions of the lobes of cerebrum
Central sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobes Parieto-occipital sulcus - separates parietal and occipital lobes Lateral fissure - separates temporal lobe Pre central gyrus- motor Post central gyrus - sensory
36
General function of cerebral cortex
Sensory areas receive input and are aware of stimuli Association areas process info from multiple sources Motor areas control motor response
37
Pathway of cerebral cortex function
1. Primary sensory cortex 2. Sensory association areas 3. Multimodal association areas 4. Motor areas
38
Types of sensory areas of cerebral cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, and gustatory cortex & visceral sensory cortex
39
Location and function of primary somatosensory cortex
Found in post central gyrus (parietal) Receive sensation from skin on opposite side of body (touch, pressure, pain, proprioception)
40
Location and function of primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe Receives visual info from retina
41
Location and function of primary auditory cortex
Superior edge of temporal lobe Conscious awareness of sound
42
Location and function of primary olfactory cortex
Medial side of temporal lobe Conscious awareness of smell
43
Location and function of gustatory cortex & visceral sensory cortex
Located in insula Awareness of taste, pain, pressure, hunger, etc.
44
Types of motor areas of cerebral cortex
Primary motor area and motor speech area (Broca’s area)
45
Location and function of primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus (frontal) Control skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body Axons descend pyramidal tracts (see brain stem)
46
Types of association areas of cerebral cortex
Posterior association area, anterior association area, and Limbic system
47
Location and function of posterior association area
Integrates all types of sensory information for a unified perception of sensory input Werneke’s area- left hemispheres, involved with understanding written and spoken language
48
Location and function of anterior association area
Prefrontal cortex Receives highly processes sensory info, coordinates motor responses Thinking, remembering, reasoning, planning, memory, problem solving
49
Location and function of limbic system
Medial side of cerebral hemispheres Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala Involved in memory, emotion, fear
50
Sensory and motor homunculi
Body regions map onto pre central and post central gyri Amount if cortex devoted to a region is related to sensitivity or control of that region E.g., face and hand are very sensitive and under fine motor control
51
Function of white matter of the cerebrum
How areas of cerebral cortex communicate with each other and with brainstem and spinal cord Bundled into large tracts
52
Fibers of white matter cerebrum
Commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers
53
Characteristics of commissural fibers
Cross from one side of CNS to other Allow brain to function as a whole Includes corpus collosum- above lateral ventricles
54
Characteristics of association fibers
Connect different parts of same hemisphere
55
Characteristics of projection fibers
Descend or ascend from cerebral cortex to other parts of CNS
56
Characteristics of diencephalon
3 paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus Mostly gray matter Form walls of third ventricle
57
Characteristics of thalamus
Gateway to the cerebral cortex Contains many thalamic nuclei Receives, filters, and relays somatic sensory information to cerebral cortex
58
Characteristics of hypothalamus
Many brain nuclei controlling many body functions/activities: main control of autonomic nervous system (cardiac/smooth muscle and glands) main control of endocrine system through pituitary gland regulates body temp regulates hunger and thirst connections with limbic system to control emotions regulate sleep-wake cycle, directs pineal gland when to secrete melatonin
59
Characteristics of epithalamus
Small group of brain nuclei and pineal gland Pineal gland secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm and is influence by hypothalamus
60
Characteristics of brainstem
Midbrain (superior), pons (middle), and medulla oblongata (inferior) Outer white matter with brain nuclei (gray matter) Multiple functions
61
Functions of the brainstem
Passageway for fiber tracts between spinal cord and cerebrum Gives rise to 10 cranial nerves Responsible for many critical automatic behaviors Integrates auditory and visual reflexes
62
Characteristics of midbrain
Superior part of brainstem Cerebral aqueduct runs through it Cerebral peduncles are anterior pillars (descending motor fibers (pyramidal motor tracts)) Contains colliculi and substantia nigra
63
Location and function of Colliculi of midbrain
4 bumps on the posterior side 2 superior colliculi responsible for visual tracking of moving objects 2 inferior colliculi responsible for reflexive response to sound
64
Characteristics of substantia nigra
Assists with control of voluntary movement Contains neurons with melanin granules
65
Parkinson’s disease
Degeneration of neurons of midbrain leading to tremors, loss of coordination in movements, etc.
66
Characteristics of pons
Middle part of brainstem, anterior to cerebellum Pontine (relay) nuclei send copies of motor commands to cerebellum from cerebrum to coordinate voluntary movement Contains pontine respiratory center
67
Characteristics of medulla oblongata
Inferior part of brainstem Relay nuclei for sensory & proprioceptive info to cerebrum and cerebellum Contain pyramidal motor tracts where decussation (crossing over) of pyramids occurs Includes reticular formation
68
Characteristics of reticular formation
3 nuclei found in medulla oblongata that act as: Cardia center (controls heart rate and force of contraction) Respiratory center (controls basic breathing rhythm) Vasomotor center (regulates blood pressure)
69
Characteristics of cerebellum
Attached to back of brainstem Right and left hemispheres like cerebrum Folia- folds
70
Functions of cerebellum
Refines skeletal muscle movement so movement is smooth and coordinated (rough draft from cerebrum is relayed through pons) Stores “muscle memory” Receives proprioceptive input from skeletal muscles for body part positioning (relayed through medulla oblongata)
71
Pathway of action for cerebellum
Motor commands are sent from premotor cortex to spinal cord Pons relays a copy of the motor commands to cerebellum Cerebellum compares desired movements with real-time position of body parts Cerebellum makes adjustments to plan and sends those adjustments to cerebrum

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