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Anatomy > 30/31. Digestive System > Flashcards

30/31. Digestive System Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

Digestive functions

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical digestion
Absorption of nutrients and water
Defecation

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3
Q

Where does ingestion occur?

A

Through oral cavity

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4
Q

What does propulsion consist of

A

Swallowing and peristalsis

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5
Q

What is mechanical breakdown

A

Chewing
Mixing/segmentation

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Use of enzymes to breakdown food molecules

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7
Q

Epithelia of GI tract

A

Stratified squamous = protection
Simple columnar = absorption and secretiom

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8
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium in the GI tract

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anus

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9
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium in the GI tract

A

Stomach
Small and large intestines

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10
Q

Components of the mouth and oral cavity

A

Oral cavity
Vestibule
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Frenula
Pharynx
Tonsils
Epiglottis

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11
Q

Location of oral cavity

A

Between teeth
Opens into oropharynx

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12
Q

Location of vestibule

A

Between teeth and lips

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13
Q

What is the uvula

A

Muscular structure that hangs from soft palate

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14
Q

Location and components of palatine tonsil

A

Sits between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Palatoglossal arches is muscular arch from palate to tongue
Palatopharyngeal arch is muscular arch from palate to pharynx

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15
Q

What are frenula

A

Folds of mucosa
Consists of labial (lip) and lingual (tongue)

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16
Q

Pharynx consists of

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What are tonsils

A

Lymphoid organs that fight against microorganisms entering the oral and nasal cavities

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Flap of cartilage, folds over airway to prevent material entering trachea

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19
Q

Permanent dentition (adult)

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars per quadrant
4 quadrants
Total 32 teeth

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20
Q

Deciduous dentition (baby teeth)

A

2 deciduous incisors, 1 deciduous canine, 2 deciduous molars per quadrant
4 quadrants
20 teeth total

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21
Q

Characteristics of the tongue

A

Muscular structure that manipulates foot in the oral cavity
Largest muscle extends from anterior mandible
Assists with production of certain sounds in speech
Tiny projections of mucous membrane on tongue are called papillae, which contain taste buds

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22
Q

Characteristics of tonsils

A

Lymphatic tissue in the back of nasal and oral cavities
Palatine tonsils are between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches and are most often removed due to infection (tonsilitis)
Lingual tonsil found at back of tongue
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found in back of nasopharynx

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23
Q

Function and types of salivary glands

A

Produce saliva to begin chemical digestion, lubricates oral cavity, protects against tooth decay and microorganisms
Parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland

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24
Q

Characteristics of parotid gland

A

Parotid duct pierces buccinator
Opens across from M2
Serous secretions

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25
Characteristics of submandibular gland
Duct opens near frenulum of tongue Serous and mucus secretuons
26
Characteristics of sublingual gland
Many ducts open underneath tongue Mucus secretions
27
Layers of tube from esophagus to large intestine
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa/adventitia
28
Characteristics of mucosa layer
Epithelium and connective tissue Muscularis mucosae
29
Characteristics of submucosa layer
CT with mucin glands, lymphoid tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
30
Characteristics of Muscularis externa
2 or 3 layers of smooth muscle Circular and longitudinal muscle layers
31
Characteristics of serosa/adventitia layer
Outer layer of connective tissue Serosa covered by peritoneum, adventitia is not
32
What is segmentation
Mixes material with digestive secretions
33
What is peristalsis
Wave of contraction propels material through GI tract
34
Characteristics of esophagus
Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach Transitions from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle Does not absorb nutrients Passes through diaphragm to enter abdomen Esophageal sphincter between esophagus and stomach prevents reflux
35
Features of the stomach
Fundus- dome of stomach Body- large middle region Pylorus- funnel shaped end of stomach Pyloric sphincter- controls food leaving stomach Rugae (gastric folds)- folds within stomach, allow for expansion
36
Layers and function of stomach
3 layers of Muscularis externa Functions: churning, secretions, absorption of water and electrolytes
37
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease
Regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus (acid reflux) Causes heartburn and can lead to ulcers in esophagus Can be caused by hiatal hernia (stomach pushes through diaphragm)
38
Stomach cells
Gastric pits in stomach open into gastric glands which contain : Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells Undifferentiated stem cells
39
Function of mucous neck cells
Produce mucus (protect stomach)
40
Function of parietal cells
Produce HCl and gastric intrinsic factor (protein for absorbing vitamin B12)
41
Function of chief cells
Secrete pepsin (protein breakdown) and gastric lipase (for fat digestion)
42
Function of enteroendocrine cells in stomach
Secrete hormone gastrin (stimulate HCl secretion)
43
Function of undifferentiated stem cells
Replace epithelial lining of stomach every 3-7 days
44
Components of small intestine
Duodenum- 1st part, shortest, receives bile from liver and gallbladder and digestive enzymes from pancreas Jejunum - 2nd, main region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption Ileum - 3rd, longest, contains ileocecal valve which controls movement of material into large intestine
45
Characteristics of small intestine
About 20 ft long Mucosa has ridges called circular folds Finger-like villi increase surface area for absorption and each villus contains capillaries and lymphatic vessels Consists of entereocytes, goblet cells, enteroendcrine cells, and brunner glands
46
Function of enterocytes
Absorptive cells, cover villi in small intestine
47
Function of goblet cells
Produce mucus for lubrication
48
Location and Function of enteroendocrine cells in small intestine
In duodenum Secrete hormones for release of bile and digestive enzymes
49
Location and Function of brunner cells
In submucosa of duodenum Secrete alkaline mucus to protect against acidic material
50
Parts of large intestine
Cecum - 1st, has junction with ileum Vermiform appendix- tube attached to cecum Ascending colon- 2nd, ascends right side of abdomen Transverse colon- 3rd, travels horizontal across abdomen Descending colon- 4th, descends left side of abdomen Sigmoid colon- 5th, S-shaped part that transitions into rectum
51
Characteristics of large intestine
5 ft long Includes teniae coli, which are 3 external longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that shorten long intestine during peristalsis Includes pouches called haustra Includes goblet cells to produce mucus for lubrication Large intestine absorbs mostly water and few nutrients
52
Characteristics of anus
Terminal part of large intestine Sphincter muscles control storing or release of feces Internal anal sphincter is made of smooth muscle and controlled by ANS External anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and controlled by somatic motor system Infants lack control over external anal sphincter
53
Defecation
Sympathetics store vexes by relaxing wall of rectum and contracting internal anal sphincter Parasympathetics release feces by relaxing internal anal sphincter and contracting rectum Can override this reflex by contracting external anal sphincter to store flexes until convenient
54
What is diverticulosis
Out-pouching of the wall of the colon Weakening of colon wall associated with lack of fiber
55
What is diverticulitis
When diverticula become inflamed and infected Can cause perforation of colon, leaking feces into peritoneal cavity and infecting peritoneum (peritonitis)
56
What is appendicitis
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix caused by blockage, infectious bacteria gets trapped Pain starts around umbilicus, over to lower right quadrant Physician will palpate at McBurney’s point, pain during palpitation indicates appendicitis Appendectomy is surgical removal of appendix
57
Accessory digestive organs
Liver Gall bladder Pancreas
58
Characteristics of the liver
Largest gland in body Upper right quadrant of abdomen, below diaphragm 2 lobes - right and left, divided by falciform ligament, which is membrane that anchors liver to anterior abdominal wall Gallbladder tucked under right lobe Inferior vena cava travels behind liver to heard Considered exocrine gland because of ducts
59
Functions of liver
Produce bile (stored in gallbladder) to breakdown fats Stores glucose from blood as glycogen to be used by body Detoxifies blood Makes blood proteins
60
Blood supply to liver
From celiac trunk (oxygen rich) and from hepatic portal vein (oxygen poor that is nutrient rich and needs filtration)
61
Structure of liver
Consists of hexagonal lobules made of hepatocytes (liver cells) Every corner of lobule has arteriole from celiac trunk, venule from hepatic portal, bile duct
62
Filtration and exit of blood from liver
Blood from venules and arterioles mix in liver sinusoids Venous blood is cleansed and filtered by hepatocytes and macrophages Arterial blood supplies oxygen to hepatocytes Blood in sinusoids collects in central vein which carries blood to hepatic veins and then IVC
63
Characteristics of pancreas
Mixed gland- both endocrine and exocrine function Exocrine: has acinar cells that produce and secrete mucin and digestive enzymes to aid in digestion, which are transported by pancreatic duct which joins common bile duct Endocrine: has islet cells which produce insulin
64
Characteristics of gallbladder
Stores bile produced by liver Released when fatty food enters the small intestine
65
Characteristics of biliary tree (apparatus)
Passageway of ducts carrying bile Liver secretes bile into hepatic ducts Gallbladder secretes bile into cystic duct Cystic duct and hepatic duct merge to form common bile duct Common bile duct meets pancreatic duct and they empty into duodenum at duodenal papilla
66
What is cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder Often caused by gallstones due to too much cholesterol in diet or sudden changes in fat content of diet May require surgical removal (cholecystectomy) if stones can’t be broken up
67
Characteristics of peritoneum
Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity Abdominal organs grow in abdominal cavity and are surrounded by peritoneum Mesentery- double layer of peritoneum that collapses behind organs (nerves and blood vessels are trapped between layers of peritoneum; organs without mesentery are retroperitoneal)

Anatomy (29 decks)

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