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Anatomy > 28/29. Respiratory System > Flashcards

28/29. Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the thoracic wall made of

A

Ribs covering the lateral aspect
Sternum on the anterior aspect
Vertebrae on the posterior aspect
Two apertures

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2
Q

Two apertures of the thoracic wall

A

Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior thoracic aperture that is covered completely by the diaphragm, which assists in inhalation

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3
Q

Contents of the thoracic cavity

A

Pleural cavity contains the lungs
Mediastinum contains the heart and surrounding pericardium

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4
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange, air conditioning, sound production, olfaction, and defense

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5
Q

Parts of the respiratory tract

A

Upper respiratory tract consisting of nasal cavity and pharynx
Lower respiratory tract consisting of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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6
Q

Location and function of nasal vestibule:

A

Air enters nose through external nares (nostril)
Air then flows in the nasal vestibule (the hallway leading into the nasal cavity)
Vibrissae, sticky with mucus, collect foreign particles, antigens, pollen, etc

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7
Q

Epithelium found in nasal vestibule

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What is the nasal septum made of

A

Articulation of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone

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9
Q

Where are nasal conchae found and how are they named

A

Named for position on lateral wall of nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior)
Superior and middle conchae are part of ethmoid bone
Inferior conchae is a separate bone

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10
Q

Function of nasal conchae and meatuses

A

Nasal conchae protrude from lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Form spaces underneath called meatuses
Meatuses provide additional surface area through which air can flow
As air circulates through the conchae and meatuses it is warmed and humidified

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11
Q

4 Paranasal sinuses and their functions

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
Lighten skull, tone voice, protect vital structures in head, and produce mucus to maintain moisture in the nasal cavity

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12
Q

Location of Superior meatus

A

Opening of sphenoidal and ethmoid sinus

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13
Q

Location of Middle meatus

A

Ethmoid air cells projecting into middle meatus
Semilunar hiatus formed from by the ethmoid bulla
Opening of maxillary and frontal sinus within the SL hiatus

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14
Q

Location of inferior meatus

A

Opening of the nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Function is to help moisten and clean the airway
Goblet cells secrete mucus in which foreign debris gets caught
Movement of cilia directs mucus out of respiratory tract

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16
Q

Three structures that make up respiratory epithelium

A

Cilia, goblet cells, pseudostratified columnar cells

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17
Q

Layers and function of mucus membrane

A

Respiratory epithelium, characteristically thick basement membrane, and lamina popria containing seromucus glanda
Main function as protectant and secretant

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18
Q

Function and location of seromucus glands

A

Within the lamina propria of mucus membrane
Serous fluid contains lysozymes to destroy foreign particles

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19
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

A specialized respiratory epithelium which lines the superior region of the nasal cavity
Olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells

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20
Q

Overall what are the specialized linings of the respiratory tract

A

Stratified squamous epithelium: thick layer of cells
Respiratory epithelium: cilia, goblet cells
Mucus membrane: thick layers, mucus production, lysosomes
Olfactory epithelium: olfactory receptor cells

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21
Q

How is the pharynx subdivided

A

Begins at the internal nares
Divided into three regions which are for their association with the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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22
Q

Characteristics of nasopharynx

A

Extends from internal nares to soft palate
Contains pharyngeal tonsil and uvula
Includes Pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tunes
Respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

Characteristics of oropharynx

A

Contains tonsils and most of the epiglottis
Lined with a stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Characteristics of laryngopharynx

A

Contains opening into larynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
Includes Epiglottis

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25
Contents of the larynx
Laryngeal cartilage Vocal folds/cords
26
Cartilages of the larynx and their function
Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid Function in protection of larynx and as attachment sites for intrinsic laryngeal muscles
27
Functions of laryngeal components
Epiglottis: covers the larynx during swallowing Hyoid bone: provides site for muscular attachment Cricoid cartilage: covers the anterior and posterior side of the larynx Arytenoid cartilage: articulate with cricoid cartilage and location of insertion for vocal ligaments
28
How are sounds produced when air passes through the vocal ligaments
Different skins produced depending on whether the ligaments are adducted or abducted Muscles originate and insert onto the cartilages of the larynx that will adduct and abduct the vocal cords resulting in production of sound
29
Components of the trachea
Begins inferior to the cricoid cartilage Bifurcates into the two primary bronchi C-shaped cartilaginous rings support the trachea Smooth muscle between the cartilaginous rings Posterior side of trachea is covered by a muscle that will allow the esophagus to slightly bulge into the lumen of the trachea when swallowing
30
Emergency access to an airway
Cricothyroidotomy: through thyroid membrane Tracheostomy: through 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings (temporary or permanent intubation)
31
Bifurcation of the trachea
Bifurcate into primary bronchi Both the trachea and primary bronchi are supported by C shaped cartilaginous rings Carina is the last line of defense against foreign matter in the airway Bifurcates asymmetrically on left side around the heart
32
Where does a foreign object get lodged when aspirated
Right main bronchus Because right main bronchus bifurcates of the trachea at a more obtuse angle than left main bronchus
33
How do bronchi continue
Branch into smaller segments called bronchioles Bronchi supported by cartilage and bronchioles by smooth muscle Respiratory bronchioles are where gas exchange will take place
34
Function of smooth muscle in airway
Allow for dilation and constriction of airway Dilation allows more air to lungs Constriction reduces amount of air into lungs
35
Function of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation in airway
Sympathetic: increase in respiration, body requires more oxygen, leads to bronchodilation Parasympathetic: decrease in respiration, body requires less oxygen, leads to bronchoconstriction
36
What happens in the respiratory zone
Alveolar sacs are line with alveoli off of bronchioles Alveoli are made of a simple squamous epithelium that functions in gas exchange
37
Alveolus (plural alveoli)
Final termination of the airway and where gas exchange takes place Lined mostly with simple squamous epithelium! Which is the location of gas exchange
38
Structure of the alveolus
Alveolus wall: one cell thick to facilitate gas exchange Alveolus pore: communication and collateral ventilation Alveoli surround the duct (one cell thick and sides of alveolus appear honeycombed)
39
Cell types of alveoli
Type 1 pneumocyte, dust cells, and type 2 pmeumocyte
40
Type 1 pneumocyte
Simple squamous cells
41
Dust cells
Macrophages Free or migratory Remove foreign cells
42
Type 2 pneumocyte
Produce surfactant Function as stem cell
43
Blood brain barrier of respiratory zone
Barrier between capillary and alveoli which also promote gas exchange Three layers: alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary epithelium
44
Components of the lungs
Assymetrical Right lung had horizontal and oblique fissure dividing superior, middle, and inferior lobes Left lung has oblique fissure dividing superior and inferior lobes
45
What is a cardia impression
Formed during development of heart More obvious on left lung but found on both
46
Two structures on left lung that make space for the heart
Cardiac notch is an indentation on the anterior border of the left lung’s superior lobe and is there to accompany the heart The lingula extends from the cardiac notch and the oblique fissure and is the remnant of what would have been the middle lobe
47
How do pulmonary arteries and veins branch
Use same pattern as bronchi
48
Contents of the pleural cavity
Lungs, pleural linings, potential space
49
Development of the pleural cavity
Analogy to fluid filled balloon: Balloon has a single layer surrounding fluid As the hand is pressed into the balloon, the lining will wrap around the hand Forms two layers from one single membrane Layers are separated by fluid
50
Development of bronchi
At four weeks old, a lung bud develops as an outgrowth of the ventral wall The bud will form the trachea and bronchial buds Buds will develop into the right and left primary bronchi Secondary buds, followed by tertiary buds, will develop
51
Development of the visceral and parietal pleurae
At same time as lung bud developing, it is growing into the fluid filled space of the intradaembryonic cavity Cavity filled with serous fluid Single layer of mesoderm covering the lung is the visceral pleura Layer of mesodermal retained on the thoracic wall is the parietal pleura Serous fluid maintains connection between two layers of pleura
52
Functions of serous fluid
Lubrication of the plural cavity Creation of tension between the visceral and parietal layers that sticks the two layers of pleura together
53
Muscles of respiration
Skeletal muscles assist in inhalation and exhalation by increasing and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity Diaphragm increases the vertical dimensions of the thorax Intercostal muscles also help elevate ribs to increase the lateral dimensions of the thorax
54
Muscles of forced inhalation
Muscles superior to the thoracic cavity: Pectoralis minor and serratus posterior superior Muscles lying in superior plane pull the sternum up and out and expand the rib cage laterally
55
Muscles of forced exhalation
Muscles inferior to the thoracic cavity: abdominals, serratus posterior inferior, and internal intercostal mm
56
What nerve innervates the diaphragm and what spinal cord segments
Phrenic nerve (cervical spinal cord segments 3, 4, and 5
57
Which nerves innervate the intercostal muscles
Intercostal nerves from T1-T11 run in the inferior border of each rib with the intercostal vein and artery Intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles
58
From which structure does the respiratory center gather information
Neural control comes from the medulla oblongata Nuclei will set a baseline rate of ventilation = respiratory center Respiratory center gathers information from stretch receptors in the lungs and chemoreceptors in the arteries
59
How do stretch receptors in lungs work?
Mechanoreceptors In smooth muscle Respond to excessive stretching in the lung Stops inhalation and initiates exhalation
60
Function of aortic bodies and carotid bodies
Chemoreceptors Sense changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels Changes in pH Trigger inhalation
61
Which cranial nerves sense and receive information from the carotid and aortic bodies?
Carotid bodies: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Aortic bodies: vagus nerve (CN X) Chemoreceptors sense change in blood O2 and CO2 levels
62
What determines rate of respiration
Total lung capacity tables determine baseline rates of respiration Give how much air you pull into lungs and push out Knowing these baseline rates are essential for diagnosis of disease and following the progress of a respiratory disease

Anatomy (29 decks)

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