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Anatomy > 3. Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

3. Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cartilage

A

Support and protect soft tissues, provide a gliding surface at articulations or joints, provide a model for the formation of most bones

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2
Q

How does cartilage provide a model for bone formation

A

Bony precursor or a “rough draft” that later ossifies into bone

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3
Q

Components of cartilage

A

Surrounded by perichondrium, primary cells are chondroblasts and chondrocytes, fibers are collagen and elastic, ground substance

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4
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage that aids in protection and regeneration

A

Perichondrium

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5
Q

Secrete matrix below perichondrium, become chondrocytes

A

Chondroblasts

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6
Q

Mature cells that maintain cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

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7
Q

Fibers in cartilage

A

Collagen and elastic

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8
Q

Characteristics of ground substance of cartilage

A

Gel-like made of mostly water; contains sugars that draw in water

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9
Q

Why doesn’t cartilage regenerate or heat well?

A

Avascular and lacks innervation; nutrients received via diffusion; movement (compression & tension) help nutrients diffuse through ground substance

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10
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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11
Q

Components and function of Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common in body; fibers are collagen; bony precursor during embryonic development

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12
Q

Locations of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage of joints, respiratory tract, nose, costal cartilage

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13
Q

Components/function of elastic cartilage

A

Least abundant in body; highly flexible; fibers are elastic and collagen

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14
Q

Locations of elastic cartilage

A

Ear and epiglottis (behind tongue)

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15
Q

Components/function of fibrocartilage

A

Fibers are collagen and has less ground substance; dense collagen fibers resist tension and distribute loads and make congruent joints

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16
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci (in knees)

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17
Q

Functions of bone

A

Support and protection of soft tissue, movement, energy metabolism, mineral storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) and energy storage

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18
Q

How does movement in bone occur?

A

Muscles anchored in two bones shorten, causing movement

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19
Q

What minerals are stored in bone

A

90% of body’s calcium and phosphate reserves

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20
Q

Where does blood cell formation and energy storage occur

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

Bone characteristics

A

Extracellular matrix (aka osteoid) is solid, consists of collagen fibers, has a mineral component (hydroxyapatite)

Bones are flexible and dynamic organs, bones are vascular and innervated

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22
Q

Provides flexibility and resists tension

A

Collagen

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23
Q

Provides rigidity against compression

A

Hydroxyapatite

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24
Q

How are bones dynamic?

A

Growth and development; heal and regeneration

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25
Q

Types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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26
Q

Function/location of osteoblasts

A

Function: produce osteoid (bone matrix)

Location: near periosteum and endosteum

27
Q

Function/location of osteocytes

A

Function: maintain bone; made from osteoblasts

Location: housed in lacunae

28
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Destroy bone, derived from fused bone marrow cells, help with remodeling of bone during growth and repair

29
Q

Types of bone

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

30
Q

Another name for compact bone

A

Dense or cortical

31
Q

Another name for spongy bone

A

Trabecular or cancellous

32
Q

Characteristics of compact bone

A

Hard, outer surface of bone that is solid with canals for neurovasculature

33
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A

Lattice with spaces; located within bone

34
Q

Microstructure of compact bone, specifically the Haversian system/osteo

A

Haversian canal/central canal, lacunae, lamella, canaliculi, and volkmann’s canal

35
Q

Microstructure of spongy bone

A

Does not have osteoid; lamellar with osteocytes in lacunae

36
Q

Classes of bone

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and special types of bones

37
Q

Characteristics and kinds of long bones

A

Longer than wide

Bones of extremities, hands, and feet

38
Q

Characteristics and types of short bones

A

Approximately cube shaped

Carpals and tarsals

39
Q

Characteristics and types of flat bones

A

Flat and thin

Neurocranial bones, scapula, sternum

40
Q

Characteristics and types of irregular bones

A

Unlike all others

Vertebrae, os coxa, facial bones

41
Q

Special types of bone (example)

A

Sesamoid bones found within muscle tendons (e.g., patella)

42
Q

Long bone features

A

Diaphysis covered by periosteum on outside, epiphysis covered by articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum lining the medullary cavity, and epiphyseal line

43
Q

Shaft of long bone

A

Diaphysis

44
Q

Ends of long bone

A

Epiphysis

45
Q

Connective tissue covering outside of bone

A

Periosteum

46
Q

Connective tissue lining inside of bone (medullary cavity)

A

Endosteum

47
Q

Space within shaft of long bone, lined by endosteum and contains bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

48
Q

Connective tissues of long bones

A

Periosteum and endosteum that both contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts for remodeling bone

49
Q

Remnant of growth plate in long bone

A

Epiphyseal line

50
Q

Characteristics of short, irregular, and flat bones

A

Layer of spongy bone (diploë) sandwiched by outer layers of compact bone; no medullary cavity

51
Q

Types of bone growth

A

Interstitial and appositional

52
Q

Growth in length, occurring during childhood and adolescence at the growth plate made of cartilage; growth stops when epiphysis and diaphysis meet and growth plate ossifies

A

Interstitial growth of bone

53
Q

Growth in diameter(thickness)

A

Appositional growth of bone

54
Q

How does appositional growth of bone occur?

A

Osteoblasts secrete matrix forming outer ring at periosteum; new bone is destroyed by osteoclasts then replaced by osteons; Osteoclasts also remove bone in medullary cavity

55
Q

Why is bone continuously replaced during life?

A

Maintain fluid concentrations of calcium and phosphate; respond to mechanical stress

56
Q

Types of bone remodeling

A

Bone resorption and bone deposition

57
Q

Why does bone remodeling occur?

A

Coordinated to maintain total bone mass

58
Q

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue

A

Bone resorption

59
Q

Osteoblasts lay down new bone

A

Bone deposition

60
Q

Renewal rate of compact and spongy bone

A

Compact bone replaced every 10 yrs

Spongy bone replaced every 3-4 yrs

61
Q

Clinical condition consisting of deterioration of microscopic architecture of bone, low bone mass

A

Osteoporosis

62
Q

Effect of osteoporosis

A

Resorption greater than deposition (more osteoclasts)

Leads to bone fractures (common in vertebrae and neck of femur and occurs mostly in older people- common with post menopause)

63
Q

Cylindrical structure making up large portion of compact bone microstructure

A

Haversian system or osteon

64
Q

Where does spongy bone form

A

Trabecullae organize along lines of stress

Anatomy (29 decks)

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