Week 3 Pre-Learning: Disorders of the Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute pancreatitis? (2)

A
  • Acute inflammation of the pancreas
  • Abnormal activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas
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2
Q

What are the main causes of acute pancreatitis? (8)

A
  • Gallbladder stones
  • Alcohol use
  • genetics
  • Medications
  • Viruses
  • Hypercalcemia
  • high triglyceride levels
  • trauma/procedures
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3
Q

What processes occur in the pancreas? (3)

A
  1. Lipolysis
  2. Proteolysis
  3. Necrosis of blood vessels
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4
Q

What is lipolysis?

A
  • Lipase causes fat necrosis of pancreatic cells
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5
Q

What is proteolysis?

A
  • Break down of proteins can lead to thrombosis and gangrene
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6
Q

What is necrosis of blood vessels? (3)

A
  • Enzymes will dissolve elastic fibers of the pancreatic blood vessels, causing bleeding
  • release of more enzymes that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Inflammatory mediators –> damage will lead to leukocytes
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7
Q

Where would pain be felt with acute pancreatitis? (3)

A
  • left upper quadrant
  • mid epigastric area
  • radiates to the back, left flank, or left shoulder
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8
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis? (9)

A
  1. N + V - Inflammation leads to abdominal distention and slowed GI motility
  2. Jaundice (swelling of head of pancreas)
  3. Hemorrhage
    - break down of blood levels
  4. Fever - inflammation
  5. Pancreatic enzymes in the blood
    - increased serum amylase and lipase
  6. Hyperglycemia
  7. Hypovolemia
  8. Pulmonary complications
  9. Hyperkalemia
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9
Q

Why does acute pancreatitis cause an increase in serum amylase and lipase?

A

When cells die, they release their contents

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10
Q

Why does hypocalcemia occur with acute pancreatitis?

A
  • breakdown of fats releases free fatty acids that bind to calcium in blood, causing low serum calcium
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11
Q

Why does hyperglycemia occur in acute pancreatitis?

A

destruction of beta cells,

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12
Q

Why does hypovolemia occur in acute pancreatitis? (3)

A
  • increased permeability
  • vasodilation
  • loss of fluid from vascular space
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13
Q

Why do pulmonary complications occur in acute pancreatitis?

A
  • Inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in the blood stream cause inflammation of lungs and alveoli
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14
Q

Why does hyperkalemia occur in acute pancreatitis?

A
  • cells/tissue death leads to release of intracellular potassium into the blood stream, causing elevated serum potassium levels
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15
Q

In the video, why can patients with acute pancreatitis develop ARDs (acute respiratory distress syndrome)? (3)

A
  • Same reason as pulmonary complications occurring
  • alveoli are inflamed and fill with fluid
  • enzymes destroy surfactant
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