motor speech: anatomy

Question 1

cns consists of

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

pns consists of

Answer 2

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Question 3

cerebrum

Answer 3

the largest part of the brain, 4 loves, has sulci & gyri

Question 4

brainstem (includes what? Important for what? Cranial nerve nuclei-)

Answer 4

-consists of midbrain, pons, and medlla
-important for reflexive actions (respiration & consciousness)
-cranial nerve nuclei are where nerves attach to brain stem through

Question 5

cerebellum

Answer 5

-located @ back of brainstem
-coordinates voluntary movements
-smooths our rough motor impulses, coordinates them, sends through the primary motor cortex

Question 6

neurons

Answer 6

most important cell in the nervous system (cell body, dendrites, axon)

Question 7

nerves

Answer 7

bundles of axons found in PNS

Question 8

Tracts

Answer 8

bundles of axons in the CNS

Question 9

Neurotransmitters

Answer 9

released at endpoints once changed each acon terminal ramifications

Question 10

primary motor cortex

Answer 10

• cortices first analyze sensory info (primary auditory, primary visual, primary sensory)
  -receives planned motor impulses (primary motor cortex)
• PLANNING DOES NOT HAPPEN HERE, ONLY ACTION

Question 11

Association cortex

Answer 11

“makes sense” of the sensory impulses that are received
-PLANNING HAPPENS HERE

Question 12

Thalamus

Answer 12

“doorway” through which subcortical systems communicate with cerebral cortex
- helps coordinate as well

Question 13

Primary motor cortex

Answer 13

receives neural impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated by basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus

Question 14

Pyramidal system

Answer 14

carries impulses that control voluntary, fine movement and works at a conscious level

Question 15

Descending motor tracts

Answer 15

pyramidal system and extrapyramidal system

Question 16

extrapyramidal system

Answer 16

carries impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements and works at more of an unconscious level

Question 17

upper motor neurons

Answer 17

-within the CNS
-damage typically results in spasticity

Question 18

lower motor neurons

Answer 18

• includes cranial and spinal nerves
• damage typically results in muscle paralysis or paresis

Question 19

what is a motor speech disorder?

Answer 19

• speech disorder as a result of damage to the brain
• includes dysarthria & apraxia

Question 20

What does dysarthria affect

Answer 20

• ROM (range of motion)
• tonicity
• speed
• accuracy
• coordination–> neuromotor damage to the PNS or CNS

Question 21

What does apraxia affect

Answer 21

movement
- often associated with damage to left hemisphere

Question 22

What are the 7 different types of dysarthria?

Answer 22

• flaccid
• spastic
  -ataxia
  -unilateral upper motor neuron
• hypokinetic
• hyperkinetic
  mixed

Question 23

What are the 2 basic methods for evaluation a motor speech disorder? describe?

Answer 23

• instrumentation (objective)- sophisticated devices such as tools and tests to measure components of speech production
• Perceptual analysis (subjective)- relies on clinician’s ears and eyes to judge

Question 24

What are the 5 components necessary for normal speech production

Answer 24

• respiration
• phonation
• resonance
• articulation
• prosody

Question 25

6 pairs of cranial nerves needed for speech production

Answer 25

• trigeminal
• facial
• glossopharyngeal
• vagus
• accessory
• hypoglossal

Question 26

Trigeminal (V)

Answer 26

• Attached to brainstem @ level of pons, divided into 3 branches (opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)
  —-Mandibular branch= most important for speech and innervating muscles in lower jaw and velum
• Damage to trigeminal nerve can be unilateral or bilateral

Question 27

Facial (VII)

Answer 27

• Branches out from brainstem just below trigeminal nerve, dividing into cervicofacial and temprofacial branch
• Damage to facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis in all muscles on same side of faucet, resulting of face, and resulting in drooping of eyelid, mouth, cheek, and other structures

Question 28

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Answer 28

• Orignitates in brainstem at medulla, coursing out to pharynx
• Plays role inspeech resonance and phonation by shaping pharynx into appropriate positions needed to produce various phonemes correctly

Question 29

Vagus (X)

Answer 29

ONE OF MOST IMPORTANT CRANIAL NERVES FOR SPEECH & longest
- 3 branches
—-Pharyngeal branch: damage can affect movement of velum, resonance
—-External superior laryngeal branch: damage can affect pitch
—-Recurrent nerve branch: damage can causes breathy phonation

Question 30

Accessory nerve (XII)

Answer 30

• Originates in medulla below vagus nerve. Innervates intrinsic muscles of the velum, pharynx, and larynx
• Damage will affect vagus bc so close

Question 31

Hypoglossal (XII)

Answer 31

• Provides motor innervation for all intrinsic and most extrinsic muscles of the tongue
• Damage results in weakness of tongue or paralysis
• Primary characteristics of damage: imprecise articulation, phoneme distortion, or slow lingual movoements

Question 32

Sprinal nerves important for motor speech production

Answer 32

Phrenic nerve (respiration)
- Damage will generally be widespread to significantly impair respiration
—- Exception: injury to phrenic nerve→paralyzed diaphragm, decreased loudness; shortened breathy or strained vocal quality