UNIT 2 KA8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two hormones does the pancreas release

A

Insulin and glucagon

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2
Q

Which body part do insulin and glucagon act on

A

They act on the liver once released from the pancreas

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3
Q

What is the affect of chronically High blood glucose levels on the endothelium

A

Chronically high blood glucose levels lead to the endothelium cells of the blood vessels taking in more glucose than normal, damaging them

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4
Q

What happens as a result of the endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal

A

As a result atherosclerosis may develop, leading to cardiovascular disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease

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5
Q

Effect of elevated blood glucose in the eye

A

Damage to small blood vessels In the eye may result in a haemorrhage in the retina.

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6
Q

Effect of elevated blood glucose on the kidney

A

In the kidneys it can lead to renal failure.

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7
Q

Effect of elevated blood glucose on rest of body

A

In other parts of the body peripheral nerve dysfunction can be the result

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8
Q

What are body cells continuously doing

A

Body cells are continuously respiring, using glucose to produce energy

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9
Q

What are cells constantly removing from the bloodstream

A

This means that cells are constantly removing glucose from the bloodstream

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10
Q

What should happen to excess glucose

A

The body only takes in glucose when we eat a meal so excess glucose must be stored and released into the bloodstream when required

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11
Q

How is glucose stored in the liver

A

Glucose is stored in the liver as insoluble glycogen

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12
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration falls

A

When blood glucose concentration falls, an enzyme in the liver converts glycogen to glucose which is released into the bloodstream

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13
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration rises

A

When blood glucose concentration rises, another enzyme in the liver converts blood glucose into stored glycogen,so lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood

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14
Q

Which value does the homeostatic mechanism keep the blood glucose around

A

This homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose concentration around 5millimoles per litre of blood plasma - 5mmol/l.

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15
Q

How do pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels

A

Pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels by increasing secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin activated the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration.

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16
Q

How do pancreatic receptors respond to lowered blood glucose levels

A

Pancreatic receptors respond to lowered blood glucose levels by increasing secretion of glucagon from the pancreas. Glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood concentration

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17
Q

How are glucose levels in the blood raised during exercise and flight or fight

A

During exercise and fight or flight responses, glucose concentrations in the blood are raised by adrenaline

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18
Q

Where is adrenaline released from

A

Adrenaline released from the adrenal glands

19
Q

How does adrenaline raise concentrations of blood glucose

A

By stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion

20
Q

What are people who suffer from diabetes unable to control

A

People who suffer from diabetes are unable to control their blood glucose level.

21
Q

What happens to people with diabetes after a meal

A

This means that after a meal, their blood glucose level rises rapidly and their kidneys cannot cope

22
Q

How do people loose glucose with diabetes

A

This results in glucose being lost in the urine

23
Q

What can be used as an indicator for diabetes

A

Testing urine for presence of glucose is often used as an indicator of diabetes

24
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood. A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin and can be treated with regular doses of insulin

25
Q

When does type 2 diabetes develop

A

Type 2 diabetes typically develops later in life

26
Q

What is the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes increased by

A

The likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes is increased by being overweight

27
Q

Explain the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

A

In type 2 diabetes, individuals produce insulin but their cells are less sensitive to it. This insulin resistance is linked to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to a failure to convert glucose to glycogen .

28
Q

Which test is used to diagnose diabetes

A

The glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes

29
Q

What is the glucose tolerance test procedure

A

1- the blood glucose concentrations of the individual are initially measured after fasting (usually overnight)
2- the individual then drinks a glucose solution and changes in their blood glucose concentration are measure for at least the next 2 hours (several times)

30
Q

Curve 2

A

The blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than that of a non-diabetic.

31
Q

Curve 3

A

During the test a diabetics blood glucose concentration increases to a much higher level than that of a non-diabetic and takes longer to return to its starting concentration.

32
Q

Describe what happens at each curve in the glucose tolerance test

A

Curve 1 - blood glucose beings at normal fasting level. Rises to maximum at 30 mins and quickly drops to low level within 2.5 hrs so insulin production is normal

Curve 2 - persons blood glucose begins at the normal fasting level. Continues to rise to a maximum around 60 mins or even later before decreasing. Delay in insulin response to glucose load indicates mild form of type 2 diabetes

Curve 3 - after fasting persons blood glucose begins at an abnormally high level. Continued to rise to 60 minutes or even later before decreasing. Blood glucose fails to return to its initial high level. Indicates severe diabetes.

33
Q

Obesity

A

Obesity is a condition characterised by the accumulation of excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue (muscle)

34
Q

What is obesity a major risk factor of

A

Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

35
Q

What can obesity do to health

A

Obesity may impair health

36
Q

What can body mass index wrongly classify

A

Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to measure obesity but can wrongly classify muscular individuals as obese

37
Q

What value of BMI indicates obesity

A

A BMI of greater than 30 is used to indicate obesity

38
Q

Body mass index formula

A

BMI = body mass divided by height squared

39
Q

What would allow a more accurate measurement of body fat

A

To measure body fat, a measurement of body density is required

40
Q

List the possible contributing factors to obesity

A

Obesity is linked to high fat diets and a decrease in physical activity

41
Q

Limiting diet High in fats

A

Diet high in fats have a high calorific value per gram

42
Q

Limiting diet high in free sugars

A

Diet high in free sugars require no metabolic energy to be expended in their digestion

43
Q

What is the effect of Excerise on obesity

A

Exercise increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue

44
Q

Which factors can exercise help to reduce

A

Exercise can help to reduce risk factors for CVD by keeping weight under control, minimising stress, reducing hypertension and improving blood lipid profiles.