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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 2 - KA3 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - KA3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do men show continuous fertility

A
  • in males there is a relatively constant level of FSH and LH secreted in the bloodstream. Therefore a steady quantity of testosterone is secreted and steady quantity of sperm produced. As a result, males are continuously fertile
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2
Q

What do men continuously produce which shows continuous fertility

A

Men continuously produced sperm in their testes so show continuous fertility

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3
Q

Why do women show cyclical fertility

A
  • in females the interplay of pituitary and ovarian hormones results in the period of fertility being 1 - 2 days after ovulation. For this reason females fertility is described as being cyclical
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4
Q

What are the two indicators of a women’s fertile period

A
  • temperature
  • cervical mucus
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5
Q

When does the woman’s body temperature rise

A

Approximately one day after the luteal surge that triggers ovulation the woman’s body temperature rises by around 0.5 degrees Celsius and remains at this level throughout the luteal phase of the cycle

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6
Q

How long does the period of fertility last

A

The period of fertility lasts for the first 1-2 days

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7
Q

When does the infertile phase resume

A

The infertile phase is resumed on average, on the third daily recording of the higher temperature by this time the egg not fertilised would have disintegrated

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8
Q

What consistency is the cervical mucus

A

The cervical mucus secreted into the vagina during the fertile period is thin and watery

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9
Q

What does thin and watery mucus allow

A

This allows easy access of sperm into the female reproductive system

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10
Q

What happens to the mucus after ovulation

A

After ovulation progesterone causes the mucus to gradually increase in viscosity

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11
Q

Identification of the fertile period

A

A woman’s body temperature rises by around 0.5 degrees Celsius after ovulation and her cervical mucus becomes thin and watery

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12
Q

What are infertility treatments and contraception based on

A

Infertility treatments and contraception are based on the biology of fertility

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13
Q

What can the pituitary gland fail to secrete

A

Sometimes there is a failure of the pituitary gland to secrete adequate FSH or LH

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14
Q

Ovulation can be stimulated by :

A
  • drugs that mimic the normal action of FSH and LH
  • drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion
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15
Q

What can the drugs that mimic the normal action of FSH and LH do

A

These drugs can be so effective that they can bring about ‘super ovulation’ which can lead to multiple births

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16
Q

What are the two things super ovulation can do

A

Super ovulation can lead to multiple births. Super ovulation can be used to collect ova for IVF

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17
Q

What type of means does AI introduce semen

A

A.I is when semen is introduced by means other than sexual intercourse

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18
Q

What procedure is used during artificial insemination

A

Several samples of semen are collected over a period of time

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19
Q

When is artificial insemination particularly useful

A

Artificial insemination is particularly useful where the the male has a low sperm count

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20
Q

If a partner is sterile how can artificial insemination work

A

If a Partner is sterile a donor may be used to provide semen

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21
Q

Summarise artificial insemination

A

Several samples of semen are collected over a period of time. Artificial insemination is particularly useful when a male has a low sperm count. If a partner is sterile a donor may be used to provide semen

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22
Q

What is ICSI

A

Inta-cytoplasmic sperm injection

23
Q

Under what conditions can ICSI be used

A

If mature sperm are defective or very low in number ICSI can be used

24
Q

What procedure takes place during ICSI

A

The head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation

25
Q

Summarise intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection

A

Is mature sperm are defective or very low in number ICSI can be used. The head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation

26
Q

What is IVF

A

In vitro fertilisation

27
Q

Under what conditions is IVF appropriate

A
  • low sperm count
  • blocked oviducts
  • conception not possible
28
Q

What happens during IVF

A

Surgical removal of eggs from ovaries after hormone stimulation

29
Q

What is the procedure to carry out IVF

A

Incubation of zygotes and uterine implantation. Eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish. The fertilised eggs are incubated until they have formed at least eight cells and are then transferred to the uterus for implantation

30
Q

What is PGD

A

Pre- implantation genetic diagnosis

31
Q

What is the use of IVF in conjunction with PGD

A

To identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

32
Q

What does contraception involve

A

Contraception involves taking precautions to avoid becoming pregnant and can be by natural or artificial means

33
Q

What is a natural method of preventing pregnancy

A

Rhythm method

34
Q

What is the rhythm method

A

A woman can calculate her fertile period during each cycle (by measuring her body temperature and mucus viscosity) and avoiding sexual intercourse at this time. This is referred to as the rhythm method

35
Q

Why is the rhythm method unreliable

A

Unfortunately it is an unreliable method as menstrual cycles can vary in length from month to month

36
Q

What are the physical methods of contraception

A
  • barrier method
  • intra uterine device
  • sterilisation procedures
37
Q

What is the barrier method

A

The barrier method physically blocks the ability of the sperm to reach the ovum.

38
Q

What are the barrier method devices

A
  • condom
  • diaphragm
  • cervical cap
39
Q

Condom

A

Fits over penis

40
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped rubber cap inserted into the vagina blocking the cervix

41
Q

Cervical cap

A

Rubber structure which fits tightly around the cervix and can be left in place for a few days

42
Q

What is an intra uterine device (IUD)

A

An IUD is a plastic T-shaped structure with copper wound around its outside

43
Q

Where is the intra-uterine device placed

A

It is fitted into the uterus for moths (or even years)

44
Q

Why does the IUD have threads

A

It has threads attached for easy removal

45
Q

What is the purpose of the intra uterine device

A

It prevents the implantation of an embryo

46
Q

What should the IUD really be termed as

A

It should really be termed a contragestic device as it prevents gestation

47
Q

What are the two sterilisation procedures

A
  • vasectomy
  • tubal ligation
48
Q

Vasectomy :

A
  • this Involves cutting and tying the two sperm ducts. This prevents sperm being released.
  • the sperm produced undergo phagocytosis and are destroyed
49
Q

Tubal ligation

A

This involves cutting and tying the two oviducts which prevents eggs meeting sperm

50
Q

What are the chemical methods of contraception

A
  • pills containing a combination of hormones
  • morning after pill
  • mini - pill
51
Q

Pills containing a combination of hormones

A

Oral contraceptive pills usually contain synthetic oestrogen combined with synthetic progesterone. This combination of synthetic hormones mimics the body’s negative feedback mechanism and prevents the release of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland

52
Q

Morning after pill

A

Contain higher doses of hormones than the standard oral contraceptive pill. This type of pill prevents or delays ovulation or implantation of a blastocyst

53
Q

When can the morning after pill be taken

A

These pills are often referred to as ‘morning after pills’ but they can be taken up to 72 hours or 120 hours after unprotected sex, depending on which type of pill is used

54
Q

Mini pill

A

These are known as progesterone - only pulls. They do not contain synthetic oestrogen. Mini pills cause thickening of the cervical mucus, reducing the viability of the Sperm

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

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