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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 1 - KA3 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - KA3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does gene expression involve

A

Gene expression involves the transcription and translation of DNA sequences

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2
Q

What are the three types of RNA involved in transcription and translation

A

mRNA - messenger RNA (mRNA)
tRNA - transfer RNA (tRNA)
rRNA - ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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3
Q

What is the full name for RNA

A

Riobnucleic acid

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4
Q

What type of molecule is RNA

A

RNA is single stranded

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5
Q

What is in an RNA nucleotide

A

Phosphate , ribose sugar , base

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6
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

A - Adenine
U - Uracil
G - Guanine
C - Cytosine

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7
Q

What are the 3 main differences between DNA AND RNA

A
  • RNA is single stranded, it’s complementary base partner of adenine is uracil and it had ribose sugar in the nucleotides
  • DNA is a double stranded molecule, its complementary base partner of adenine is Thymine and it has deoxyribose sugar in the nucleotides
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8
Q

What is the job of mRNA and where is it found

A

mRNA- carries complementary copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. It is found in

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9
Q

What is the job if tRNA and where is it found

A

tRNA - carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. It is found in

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10
Q

What is the job of rRNA and where is it found

A

rRNA - forms the ribosome along with proteins in the cytoplasm. It is found in

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11
Q

Where is mRNA transcribed from

A

mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus

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12
Q

What does mRNA do - from and to

A

mRNA carried copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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13
Q

What is each triplet of bases on an mRNA called

A

Each triplet of bases on an mRNA is called a CODON

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14
Q

What is the enzyme of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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15
Q

What is the first step of transcription (what is unwound and broken)

A

1- RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix + breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases of DNA coding for the gene to be expressed

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16
Q

What is the second step of transcription (what moves towards exposed bases and what does it form)

A

2- Free RNA nucleotides move towards the exposed bases of one strand and form complementary base pairs.

Uracil pairs with adenine and guanine with cytosine

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17
Q

What is the third stage of transcription (what does RNA polymerase synthesise)

A

3- RNA polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by base pairing

18
Q

Modification of primary transcript - what is an INTRON

A

INTRON (IN THE BIN) - An intron is a non coding region of DNA. They do not code for the polypeptide chain and must be removed from the primary transcript before translation.

19
Q

Modification of primary transcript - what is an EXON

A

EXON - An exon is a coding region of DNA. All of the exons must be joined together to make the mature mRNA transcript

20
Q

What is RNA splicing

A

RNA splicing forms a mature mRNA transcript. The introns of the primary transcript are non coding regions and are removed. The exons are coding regions and are joined together to form the mature transcript.

21
Q

What happens to the order of exons during splicing

A

The order of exons during splicing is unchanged

22
Q

What type of RNA does translation involve

A

tRNA - transfer RNA

23
Q

How big is tRNA

A

This is a smaller molecule than mRNA

24
Q

What does tRNA do

A

The tRNAs job is to carry its specific Amino Acid to the ribosome for translation

25
Q

Draw a diagram of tRNA labels

A

Check jotter

26
Q

Where does translation take place

A

Translation takes place in the cytoplasm

27
Q

What happens before translation

A

mRNA carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

28
Q

What do tRNA molecules do at the start of translation (1st stage of translation)

A

tRNA molecules pick of their specific amino acid and take them to the ribosome

29
Q

Where does translation begin and end (2nd stage of translation)

A

Translation begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon on the mRNA

30
Q

How do anti codons bond to codons and what do they translate the genetic code into (3rd stage of translation)

A

Anticodons bond to codons by complementary base pairing translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

31
Q

Which type of bonds join amino acids (4th stage of translation)

A

Peptide bonds join the amino acids together

32
Q

What happens to the tRNA as the polypeptide is formed (5th stage of translation)

A

Each tRNA leaves the ribosome as the polypeptide is formed

33
Q

What happens in alternative RNA splicing

A

In alternative RNA splicing, different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained. The order of the exons is unchanged during splicing

34
Q

What are polypeptide chains made of

A

Amino acids which are linked by peptide bonds

35
Q

Polypeptide chains fold to form what shape?

A

Polypeptide chains fold to form the 3-D shape of a protein held together by hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids

36
Q

What do proteins have a large variety of

A

Proteins have a large variety of shapes which determines their functions

37
Q

What is phenotype determined by

A

Phenotype is determined by proteins produced as a result of gene expression

38
Q

What factors can influence phenotype

A

Environmental factors can also influence phenotype such as skin cancer

39
Q

What are some functions of protein

A

Structural , enzymes , antibodies , hormones

40
Q

How much of the genes In a cell are expressed

A

Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed

41
Q

What is an anticodon

A

Triplet of bases which pairs with CODON of mRNA strand

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

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