UNIT 2 KA8

Question 1

Which two hormones does the pancreas release

Answer 1

Insulin and glucagon

Question 2

Which body part do insulin and glucagon act on

Answer 2

They act on the liver once released from the pancreas

Question 3

What is the affect of chronically High blood glucose levels on the endothelium

Answer 3

Chronically high blood glucose levels lead to the endothelium cells of the blood vessels taking in more glucose than normal, damaging them

Question 4

What happens as a result of the endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal

Answer 4

As a result atherosclerosis may develop, leading to cardiovascular disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease

Question 5

Effect of elevated blood glucose in the eye

Answer 5

Damage to small blood vessels In the eye may result in a haemorrhage in the retina.

Question 6

Effect of elevated blood glucose on the kidney

Answer 6

In the kidneys it can lead to renal failure.

Question 7

Effect of elevated blood glucose on rest of body

Answer 7

In other parts of the body peripheral nerve dysfunction can be the result

Question 8

What are body cells continuously doing

Answer 8

Body cells are continuously respiring, using glucose to produce energy

Question 9

What are cells constantly removing from the bloodstream

Answer 9

This means that cells are constantly removing glucose from the bloodstream

Question 10

What should happen to excess glucose

Answer 10

The body only takes in glucose when we eat a meal so excess glucose must be stored and released into the bloodstream when required

Question 11

How is glucose stored in the liver

Answer 11

Glucose is stored in the liver as insoluble glycogen

Question 12

What happens when blood glucose concentration falls

Answer 12

When blood glucose concentration falls, an enzyme in the liver converts glycogen to glucose which is released into the bloodstream

Question 13

What happens when blood glucose concentration rises

Answer 13

When blood glucose concentration rises, another enzyme in the liver converts blood glucose into stored glycogen,so lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood

Question 14

Which value does the homeostatic mechanism keep the blood glucose around

Answer 14

This homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose concentration around 5millimoles per litre of blood plasma - 5mmol/l.

Question 15

How do pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels

Answer 15

Pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels by increasing secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin activated the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration.

Question 16

How do pancreatic receptors respond to lowered blood glucose levels

Answer 16

Pancreatic receptors respond to lowered blood glucose levels by increasing secretion of glucagon from the pancreas. Glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood concentration

Question 17

How are glucose levels in the blood raised during exercise and flight or fight

Answer 17

During exercise and fight or flight responses, glucose concentrations in the blood are raised by adrenaline

Question 18

Where is adrenaline released from

Answer 18

Adrenaline released from the adrenal glands

Question 19

How does adrenaline raise concentrations of blood glucose

Answer 19

By stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion

Question 20

What are people who suffer from diabetes unable to control

Answer 20

People who suffer from diabetes are unable to control their blood glucose level.

Question 21

What happens to people with diabetes after a meal

Answer 21

This means that after a meal, their blood glucose level rises rapidly and their kidneys cannot cope

Question 22

How do people loose glucose with diabetes

Answer 22

This results in glucose being lost in the urine

Question 23

What can be used as an indicator for diabetes

Answer 23

Testing urine for presence of glucose is often used as an indicator of diabetes

Question 24

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 24

Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood. A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin and can be treated with regular doses of insulin

Question 25

When does type 2 diabetes develop

Answer 25

Type 2 diabetes typically develops later in life

Question 26

What is the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes increased by

Answer 26

The likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes is increased by being overweight

Question 27

Explain the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

In type 2 diabetes, individuals produce insulin but their cells are less sensitive to it. This insulin resistance is linked to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to a failure to convert glucose to glycogen .

Question 28

Which test is used to diagnose diabetes

Answer 28

The glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes

Question 29

What is the glucose tolerance test procedure

Answer 29

1- the blood glucose concentrations of the individual are initially measured after fasting (usually overnight)
2- the individual then drinks a glucose solution and changes in their blood glucose concentration are measure for at least the next 2 hours (several times)

Question 30

Curve 2

Answer 30

The blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than that of a non-diabetic.

Question 31

Curve 3

Answer 31

During the test a diabetics blood glucose concentration increases to a much higher level than that of a non-diabetic and takes longer to return to its starting concentration.

Question 32

Describe what happens at each curve in the glucose tolerance test

Answer 32

Curve 1 - blood glucose beings at normal fasting level. Rises to maximum at 30 mins and quickly drops to low level within 2.5 hrs so insulin production is normal

Curve 2 - persons blood glucose begins at the normal fasting level. Continues to rise to a maximum around 60 mins or even later before decreasing. Delay in insulin response to glucose load indicates mild form of type 2 diabetes

Curve 3 - after fasting persons blood glucose begins at an abnormally high level. Continued to rise to 60 minutes or even later before decreasing. Blood glucose fails to return to its initial high level. Indicates severe diabetes.

Question 33

Obesity

Answer 33

Obesity is a condition characterised by the accumulation of excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue (muscle)

Question 34

What is obesity a major risk factor of

Answer 34

Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Question 35

What can obesity do to health

Answer 35

Obesity may impair health

Question 36

What can body mass index wrongly classify

Answer 36

Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to measure obesity but can wrongly classify muscular individuals as obese

Question 37

What value of BMI indicates obesity

Answer 37

A BMI of greater than 30 is used to indicate obesity

Question 38

Body mass index formula

Answer 38

BMI = body mass divided by height squared

Question 39

What would allow a more accurate measurement of body fat

Answer 39

To measure body fat, a measurement of body density is required

Question 40

List the possible contributing factors to obesity

Answer 40

Obesity is linked to high fat diets and a decrease in physical activity

Question 41

Limiting diet High in fats

Answer 41

Diet high in fats have a high calorific value per gram

Question 42

Limiting diet high in free sugars

Answer 42

Diet high in free sugars require no metabolic energy to be expended in their digestion

Question 43

What is the effect of Excerise on obesity

Answer 43

Exercise increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue

Question 44

Which factors can exercise help to reduce

Answer 44

Exercise can help to reduce risk factors for CVD by keeping weight under control, minimising stress, reducing hypertension and improving blood lipid profiles.