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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 2 - KA7 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - KA7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of fatty material (consisting mainly of cholesterol), fibrous material and calcium forming an atheroma or plaque beneath the endothelium in the wall of an artery

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2
Q

Which materials accumulate during atherosclerosis

A

The accumulation of fatty material(consisting mainly of cholesterol),fibrous material and calcium

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3
Q

What does atherosclerosis form

A

Forms an atheroma or plaque beneath the endothelium in the wall of an artery

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4
Q

Explain how a growing atheroma affects the artery wall thickness

A
  • as the atheroma grows the artery thickens and loses its elasticity
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5
Q

Explain how a growing atheroma leads to an increase in blood pressure within the artery

A
  • the diameter of the artery becomes reduced and blood flow becomes restricted resulting in increased blood pressure
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6
Q

What is atherosclerosis the root cause of

A

Atherosclerosis is the root cause of various cardiovascular diseases including angina, heart attack, stroke and peripheral disease

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7
Q

First stage of thrombosis

A

Atheromas may rupture, damaging the endothelium

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8
Q

Second stage of thrombosis

A

The damage releases clotting factors which activate a cascade of reactions, resulting in the conversion of the enzyme prothrombin to its active form thrombin

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9
Q

What is the soluble plasma protein

A

Fibrinogen

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10
Q

Third stage of thrombosis

A

Thrombin then causes molecules of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of insoluble fibrin.

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11
Q

Fourth stage of thrombosis

A

The fibrin threads form a mesh work that clots the blood, seals the wound and provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue

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12
Q

What is the formation of a clot referred to as

A

The formation of a clot (thrombus) is referred to as thrombosis

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13
Q

What is the effect of the atheroma on the inside lining of an artery

A

Artheromas on the inside lining of an artery make the surface uneven and disturb the smooth flow of blood

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14
Q

What happens as an atheroma becomes enlarged

A

As an atheroma gradually becomes enlarged it may eventually burst through the endothelium and damage it

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15
Q

Under which circumstances does thrombosis occur

A

When atheroma bursts through the endothelium and damages it thrombosis may occur

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16
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot(thrombus) in a vessel

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17
Q

What further issue does the presence of a thrombus in an artery cause

A

The presence of a thrombus in an artery causes further blockage in addition to that caused by atheromas

18
Q

What is an embolus

A

If a thrombus breaks loose it is known as an embolus

19
Q

Until which point is an embolus carried to

A

An embolus is carried along by the blood until it blocks some narrow vessel and causes blood flow to be severely restricted or even brought to a complete halt

20
Q

Blockage of a coronary artery by thrombosis

A

A thrombosis in a coronary artery may lead to a heart attack = myocardial infarction

21
Q

What is a myocardial infarction

A

Cardiac cells are deprived of oxygen leading to death of cardiac tissue

22
Q

Blockage of an artery in the brain

A

An embolus in an artery leading to the brain may lead to a stroke

23
Q

What happens or tissue in areas that are deprived of blood due to such blockages and why

A

Cells are deprived of oxygen leading to the death of the tissue

24
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease

A

Peripheral vascular disease is narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries other than those of the heart or brain.

25
Q

Which arteries are most commonly affected by peripheral vascular disease

A

The arteries to the legs are most commonly affected

26
Q

Why is pain experienced in the leg

A

Pain is experienced in the leg muscles due to a limited supply of oxygen

27
Q

What is a deep vein thrombosis

A

A deep veins thrombosis is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, most commonly in the leg

28
Q

What happens if a deep vein thrombosis breaks off

A

If the clot breaks off and travels through the blood stream to the lungs, it may result in a pulmonary embolism. This can lead to collapse and sudden death.

29
Q

What is cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the cell membrane. It is also used to make the sex hormones testosterone oestrogen and progesterone.

30
Q

Where is cholesterol produced

A

Cholesterols is synthesised by all cells, although 25% of total production takes place in the liver

31
Q

Which type of diet causes an increase in cholesterol levels

A

A diet high in saturated fats or cholesterol causes an increase in cholesterol levels in the blood

32
Q

What are the two important types of cholesterol carrying proteins in the blood

A
  • high density lipoproteins (HDL)
  • low density lipoproteins (LDL)
33
Q

What is the function of HDL

A

Transports excess cholesterol from the body cells to liver cells for elimination.

34
Q

What is the function of LDL in the body

A

Transports cholesterol to body cells

35
Q

How are LDLS able to deliver cholesterol into body cells

A
  • most cells have LDL receptors that take LDL into the cell where it releases cholesterol
36
Q

What happens once a cell has sufficient cholesterol

A

Once a cell has sufficient cholesterol a negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors and LDL circulates in the blood where it may deposit cholesterol in the arteries forming atheromas

37
Q

What does a lower ratio of HDL to LDL result in

A

Higher risk of CHD/CVD. A lower ratio of HDL to LDL will result in higher blood cholesterol and a increased chance of atherosclerosis

38
Q

What does a higher ratio of HDL to LDL result in

A

Low risk of CHD/CVD. A higher ratio of HDL to LDL will result in lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of atherosclerosis

39
Q

How to raise HDL levels

A
  • regular physical activity
  • consuming less total fat
  • replacing if saturated with unsaturated fat
40
Q

STATINS

A

Statins reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

41
Q

What does the transport of excess cholesterol to the liver prevent

A

This prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

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