Did not know

Question 1

What are similarities in all NS of animals?

Answer 1

• Certain aspects of the nervous sytem are shared across al species (ex. Peripheral ganglia) and especially closely releated species (brain and spinal cord in mammals)

Question 2

What do glial cells do?

Answer 2

“housekeeping” ensure neurons get nutrients, support, and help w immunity from disease/infections

Question 3

What do the cells consisting of the microvascular system of the brain do?

Answer 3

• Provide nutrition/energy

Question 4

What do neurofilaments do?

Answer 4

help the structure of axon, form the cytoskeleton of the axon itself

Question 5

What do microtubles do?

Answer 5

Help transport vesicles go from one end to another

Question 6

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 6

• Help form tight junctions w blood vesicles, take nutrients from blood vessels and transfer to the neurons, protection mechanism
• Support the metabolic and biochemical needs of neurons to allow a circuit to actually function
• Help form BBB by sitting between capillaries (blood) and neurons
• Directly rgulate synaptic signaling (triprtite synapse)
• React to brain injury by alerting immune response, help repair and scarring

Question 7

What is swelling?

Answer 7

Physical enlargement of microglia

Question 8

What is the BBB the result of?

Answer 8

higher resistance in brain capillaries that restricts passage of large molecules- the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are tightly bound.
* small molecules can cross but is overall very selective of what can get through

Question 9

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 9

occurs when a rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain

Question 10

Dura mater

Answer 10

thin but super tough, leathery, cannot penetrate it easily

located directly underneath the skull

Question 11

Arachnoid mater

Answer 11

webby substance that creates reservoir called subarachnoid space that suspends the brain in spinal fluid

Question 12

What do ependymal cells do?

Answer 12

• help distribute CSF
• lines meninges and the ventricles

Question 13

Choroid plexus

Answer 13

• creates/produces CSF by filtering blood
• membrane lining just the ventricles!

Question 14

Autonomic NS

Answer 14

• Consists of many ganglia (bundles of neurons in PNS) that are distributed all over the body including the visceral organs…. influence the visceral organs
• divides into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

Question 15

Somatic NS

Answer 15

• voluntary movements
• nerves from your sense organs back to the CNS to feed your brain info about what is going on around your body
• consists of nerves from the CNS to the skeletal muscles allowing you to move your body willingly

Question 16

What are nerves?

Answer 16

• Axons traveling to the CNS from: eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose, muscles, tendons, etc

Question 17

What is the CNS responsible for?

Answer 17

• Senses
• Initiating muscle movement
• Attention, cognition, thought perception, affect, and mood
• Automatic life-essential function(breathing, hunger regulation, thermoregulation, pain regulation, circadian rhythm)

Question 18

As you move from caudal to rostral of the CNS, functions carried out generally become…

Answer 18

less automatic and more complex

Question 19

Spinal cord areas

Answer 19

• Cervical (neck)
• Thoracic (trunk, lungs area)
• Lumbar (lower back)
• Sacral (pelvic)
• Coccygeal (bottom/tailbone)

Question 20

Dorsal vs Ventral

Answer 20

• dorsal root ganglion take information from the skin to the spinal cord; sensory info coming in
• Ventral root ganglion- cell bodies in ventral horn and send axons to the effectory muscles; make the muscles move; motor

Question 21

frontal lobe

Answer 21

• makes decisions
• primary motor cortex
• prefrontal cortex contains an association processing area

Question 22

Parietal lobe

Answer 22

• visual association cortex- hand/eye coordination
• primary sensory cortex- sense of touch
• spatial cognition

Question 23

Temporal lobe

Answer 23

• visual association cortex- identifing objects
• auditory cortex (sensory processing area)
• primary olfactory cortex

Question 24

basal ganglia

Answer 24

• caudate-habit formation
• subtantia nigra- cell bodies of dopamine-producing neurons, involved in movement continuation
• globus pallidus (under putamen)
• putamen
• Subthalamic nucleus

Question 25

limbic system

Answer 25

• amygdala- emotion center, appetitive behavior, fear processing
• hippocampus- learning and memory formation
• cingulate gyrus: attention, autism, pain and emotion processing
• stria terminalis: appetitive behavior, sex and threat responses, emotional regulation

emotion processing

Question 26

brainstem

Answer 26

• midbrain: inferior colliculus (auditory info processing), superior colliculus (visual info esp. gaze)
• pons: attaches to cerebellum, contains motor control+sensory info, gives rise to the cranial nerves
• medulla: HR regulation and breathing, contains cranial nerve nulclei, marks transition from brain to spinal cord

automatic/autonomic functions, eye+head+gaze

Question 27

cranial nerves

Answer 27

• 12
• control face (vague goes below neck tho)
• within a nerve, different axons control sensory and motor processing
• 1-olfactory
• 2-optic
• 10-vagus

Question 28

How is the resting membrane potential maintained?

Answer 28

Sodium-potassium pumps
The pump sits in the membrane and uses energy to push ions against their concentration gradient
Na+/K+=ATPase pump moves sodium and potassium ions… moves 3Na+ ions out and 2K+ ions in for every molecule of energy that is utilized

Question 29

ligand-gated/ionotropic ion channels

Answer 29

Axon terminals of other cells secrete chemicals that can regulate the opening of channels
Channels are found on the membrane just like the ion channels were, generally found in the synaptic areas
When NT are released, they bind to these channels and open them, allowing ions to flow through

this happens to cause an AP (before)

ex. when acetylcholine molecules are present in the synapse the channel will open and ions will be able to flow through

Question 30

Tetrodotoxin/Saxitoxin

Answer 30

• TTX- puffer fish, STX/PTX- paralytic shell fish
• Block voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 31

Batrachotoxin

Answer 31

forces Na+ channels to stay open
-BTX (frog)

Question 32

Agitoxin and betabungarotoxin

Answer 32

• block voltage gated K+ channels
• scorpian and snake

Question 33

Norepinephrine

Answer 33

• derived from tyrosine AA
• ne neurons play an important role in arousal
• cell activity in the locus coerueus is highly correlated with the sleep/wake cycle
• damage to these reduce waking, arousal, and vigilance
• abnormal activation of cells results in anxiety and hypoerarousal
• unused NE is removed from the synapse by norepinephrine transporters

Question 34

serotonin

Answer 34

• derived from aa tryptophan
• originates in the raphe nuclei
• sleep/wake cycle
• feeding
• secual function
• mood
• serotonin transposrter removes serotonin from the synapse

Question 35

dopamine

Answer 35

• derived from tyrosine
• originates in the VTA and projects to limbic and cortical areas (VTANACH)
• Originates from the SN and projects to dorsal striatum (SNS-CP)
• involved in movement continuation, reward, reinforcement, and learning
• removed from synapse via dopamine transporter

Question 36

acetylcholine

Answer 36

• derived from Acetyl CoA and Choline
• Originates in the basal forebrain
• cholinergic nerve cell bodies and projections contain acetylcholine
• lost in alzheimer’s disease
• involved with learning and memory