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BIO 233 > Week 6 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 6 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant solutes =

A

electrolytes

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2
Q

Feces, sweat, and insensible

Meaning we cannot regulate it

A

Obligatory losses

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3
Q

Evaporation through skin and lungs

Cannot sense it

A

Insensible losses

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4
Q

We can alter through influence of hormones. Minimum 500 ml/day

A

urine

Hormones = ADH & Aldosterone

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5
Q

Only influences the reabsorption of water.

Produced when solute concentration is too high - meaning dehydrated

A

ADH
causes thirst
kidneys retains water
causes vasoconstriction in the periphery

Water reabsorption to reduce osmotic pressure

Produced to change in osmotic pressure

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6
Q

All about retaining the right balance of solutes.
By holding on to Na+ and water.
It will assist the solute balance in the body.
Also maintains BP

A

Aldosterone - mineral corticoid

Reabsorption of Na, Cl, H2O

Increase BV - but does not alter osmotic pressure

Produced due to change in BP

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7
Q

HPc
OPif

Moves water into or out of vasculature?

A

move water OUT OF vasculature

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8
Q

HPif
OPc

Moves water into or out of vasculature?

A

move water INTO vasculature

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9
Q

Is balance the same at the arterial and venous end?

A

No - always tend to push more fluid out then return.

But - lymphatic system soaks up any excess

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10
Q

Mid-capillary pressure gradient is 0.5 mmHg, which way does fluid go?

A

Beginning to push fluid back in

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11
Q

On the arterial end, fluid moves_____

A

fluid moves out

NFP = 10 mmHg

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12
Q

On the venous end, fluid moves ____

A

fluid moves in

NFP = -8mmHg

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13
Q

Edema is created by

A

Change in pressure gradients influencing ECF movement

capillary filtration & osmotic uptake

Interference in lymphatic drainage

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14
Q

Edema may result if:

A
  1. High BP
    = push more fluid out at the arteriole end than what can be sucked up by the lymphatics or return to circulation at the venule end
  2. Increase [plasma protein] interstitial fluid
    = liver - site of plasma protein production (albumin). disability to to build plasma proteins - meaning there will not be the osmotic pressure in plasma to pull fluid back which causes edema
  3. Decrease [plasma protein]
    = excessive plasma proteins leaking out
    remember - if you have inflammation - capillaries can become leaky - fluids and smaller solutes leave, problem - plasma proteins start to leave. Not only do you have fluid leaking out - you have more because osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid has increased
  4. Lymphatic Obstruction
    = lymph system is not able to pick up the.
    slack
    = cause could be infection or damage to lymphatic system
    = microbial infection blocking lymphatic system
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15
Q

Dehydration due to

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. burn
  3. diarrhea
  4. vomiting
  5. sweating

AND
6. water deprivation
7. diuretic abuse
8. endocrine disorders

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16
Q

DEHYDRATION
Fluid loss > intake

A
  1. excessive ECF osmolarity (water will go towards the osmotic pressure)
  2. fluid moves down its gradient from ICF➡ECF
  3. ⬇cell volume = dysfunction

meaning:

  1. Excessive loss of water from ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure rises
  3. Cells lose H2O to ECF by ososis; cells shrink
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17
Q

OVERHYDRATION
Hypotonic Hydration

Water intoxication

A
  1. excessive water enters the ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure falls
  3. Water moves into the cells by osmosis; cells swell - lyse - cellular edema

Impacts the brain it could be fatal

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18
Q

Electrolyte Functions:

Na+

Extracellular

A
  1. Nerves & muscles
  2. Regulates ECF
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19
Q

Electrolyte Functions:

Ca2+

Extracellular

A
  1. Nerves & muscles
  2. enzyme activation
  3. blood clotting
  4. PTH regulates. (MOST IMPORTANT)
  5. Ionized and protein bond form
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20
Q

Electrolyte Functions:

K+

Intracellular

A
  1. Nerves & muscles
  2. Regulates cell volume
  3. pH control (K+/H+ shift)
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21
Q

Electrolyte Functions:

Mg2+

Intracellular

A
  1. Nerve & muscles & junctions
  2. enzyme activation
  3. ionized and protein bond form
22
Q

Electrolyte Functions:

HPO4-

Intracellular

A
  1. Energy, RBCs, and Nervous system function
23
Q

Excess NaCl intake =

A

redistribution of body water toward solutes

affects plasma first than interstitial fluid

24
Q

According to NERNST -
How would these imbalances impact cell behavior?

Hypermagnesemia (Mg2+)

A

Depressed

  1. Positive 2 charges
  2. and they impact the way voltage-sensitive channels react
  3. They will have opposite pattern

Remember ➡Hyperkalemia - single positive charge causes overexcitability

Hypermagnesemia 2+ will depress the system

25
Q

According to NERNST -
How would these imbalances impact cell behavior?

Hyponatremia (Na+)

A

Depressed

If you have:
1. single charges electrolytes that have + charges you will see DEPRESSION in the system
2. the system will not respond normally

26
Q

According to NERNST -
How would these imbalances impact cell behavior?

Hypokalemia (K+)

A

Overexcitability

If you have:
1. single charged electrolytes that have + charges and you have too much potassium in the plasma it will cause overexcitability

  1. cells are freaking out
  2. firing action potentials all the time
27
Q

Increased Mg2+ & Ca2+ =

A

depression of voltage-gated ion channel opening (rusty gate)

28
Q

Increased serum - Cations (+charged ion)
(Na, K)

A

Stimulates cell
depolarization

Overactivity

29
Q

Decreased serum anions (- charged ions)
(Cl-, PO4-)

A

Stimulates cell
depolarization

Overactivity

30
Q

Decreased serum - Cations (+charged ion)
(Na, K)

A

Stimulates cell
Hyperpolarization

depression

31
Q

Increased serum anions (- charged ions)
(Cl-, PO4-)

A

Stimulates cell
Hyperpolarization

depression

32
Q

Releases H+ in a solution

A

Acids

33
Q

Picks up H+ out of solution

A

Bases

34
Q

Protein metabolism impacts pH due to

A

phosphoric acid

35
Q

Anaerobic respiration of glucose makes

A

lactic acid

36
Q

Fat metabolism (ketosis) impact pH by

A

ketone bodies & fatty acids

37
Q

Respiratory equation impacts pH =

A

CO2 ➡➡ H+

38
Q

Chemical buffers regulation =

A

fastest & present in fluids

39
Q

Respiratory buffer regulation =

A

medium, 1-3 minutes

40
Q

Renal buffer regulation =

A

most potent, slow (hours ➡ days)

41
Q

Maintaining pH at 7.4 is a ratio of

A

20:1

20 HCO3- to balance 1 H+

42
Q

Ratio < 20:1 is basic or acidic?

EX: 17:1

A

acidic

lower than 20

43
Q

Ratio >20:1 is basic or acidic?

EX: 25:1

A

Basic

higher than 20

44
Q

What is a buffer system?

A

Two or more chemicals that prevent extreme pH change when acid or bases are added

  1. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid
  2. Phosphate
  3. Hemoglobin (can bind to H+)
  4. Plasma proteins. (albumin binds to either Ca2+ or H+) not both
45
Q

Sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer
A strong acid =
A strong base =

A

A strong acid =HCl
A strong base =NaOH

H2CO3 = carbonic acid
HCO3- = bicarbonate (a weak base)

46
Q

Phosphate Buffer:
H2PO4- = weak acid
HPOv2- = weak base

A

HCl (strong acid) + NaH2PO4 (weak base) ➡NaH2PO4 (p/u free H+) + NaCl

Buffer changed strong acid to weak acid

NaOH (strong base) + NaH2PO4 ➡ Na2HPO4 + H2)

Buffer changed strong base to weak base

47
Q

Hemoglobin-Oxyhemoglobin System

Acts as a second buffer in red blood cell along with bicarbonate system

HHb + O2 ⬅lungs/tissues➡ HbO2 + H+

A

H+ bind to Hb and do it in reverse.

Release H+ = acid
P/U H+ = base

48
Q

Protein buffer System:

Protein are amphoteric =

A

amphoteric = can function as both a weak acid and a weak base

releasing a hydrogen - base
(Albumin binds to Ca2+) + (H+)
↔
(albumin binds to H+) + (Ca2+)
picking up a hydrogen - acid

49
Q

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids?

(HbO2) + (H+ ) ➡ (HHb) + (O2)

A

(HbO2) + (H+ ) ➡ (HHb) + (O2)

(HHb) = acid

50
Q

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids?

(H2PO4) + (OH-) ➡ (HPO42-) + (H2O)

A

(H2PO4) + (OH-) ➡ (HPO42-) + (H2O)

(H2PO4) = acid

51
Q

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids?

(H+) + (HCO3-) ➡ (H2CO3)

A

(H+) + (HCO3-) ➡ (H2CO3)

(H2CO3) = base

52
Q

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids?

(NH2-protein-COO-) + (2H+) ➡ (NH3+-protein-COOH)

A

(NH2-protein-COO-) + (2H+) ➡ (NH3+-protein-COOH)

NH3+ = acid

BIO 233 (62 decks)

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