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BIO 233 > Week 9 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 9 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Exergonic

A

energy released - no cost
gives off energy - used to fuel endergonic reactions that cost energy

  1. EX = energy is EXiting the system
  2. Chemical reaction where there is a release of free energy
  3. No outside energy needed
  4. Reaction goes energetically downhill
  5. NO cost $$
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2
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy - use ATP to drive endergonic reactions
$$ cost energy

  1. ATP used to make a reaction move
  2. Chemical reaction where energy is absorbed
  3. reaction goes energetically uphill
  4. Costs $$
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3
Q

Definition:

Metabolism

A
  1. Building
  2. Breaking down
  3. Reorganizing

Everything we do!!

The chemical reactions in the body that build and break down molecules into energy for the cells to survive and function.

The whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provides the body with energy.

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4
Q

Definition:

Coupled reactions

metabolic coupling

A

One requires energy, one releases energy

  1. A coupled reaction is an endergonic (unfavorable) reaction joined simultaneously to an exergonic (favorable) reaction;
  2. the exergonic reaction provides the energy required for the endergonic reaction to occur.
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5
Q

Definition:

Catabolic

A

Breakdown of complex things to free energy to build more ATP

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6
Q

Definition:

Anabolic

A

Building up

more proteins for example

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7
Q

Definition:

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown

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8
Q

Definition:

Synthesis

A

Building

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9
Q

Definition:

Rearrangement

A

exchange reactions

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10
Q

Definition:

Decomposition

A

breaking down

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11
Q

Definition:

Exchange

A

Respiration equation

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12
Q

Definition:

Potential Energy

A
  1. Stored - as chemical energy
  2. Location of a substance or structure
  3. Everytime our cells have a concentration gradient - that is stored potential energy

Water behind a dam is potential energy

Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.

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13
Q

Definition:

Kinetic energy

A
  1. Movement (motion of something)
  2. Electromagnetic - photons ejected from sun
  3. Thermal energy

Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.

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14
Q

Oxidation =

A

loss of electrons

LEO
Loss of
Electrons by
Oxidation

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15
Q

What is meant by OIL-RIG?

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Oxidation
Is
Loss fo electrons

Reduction
Is
Gain of electrons

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16
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions allow…

A
  1. energy to be released in many small steps (controlled burn)
  2. Allows cells to ‘harness’ released energy to make ATP (make good use of all that energy)
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17
Q

name the reactants of the aerobic cellular respiration

A

reactants (inputs)

glucose
oxygen

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18
Q

What is NAD?

A
  1. Coenzyme
  2. Vitamin B3 precursor (niacin)

NAD+ picks up (H+) & (e-) = NADH

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19
Q

What is FAD?

A
  1. Coenzyme
  2. Vitamin B2 precursor (riboflavin)
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20
Q

Where is glycolysis performed?
What does it produce?

A
  1. Cytoplasm

2 pyruvate
2 ATP (net)
2 NADH+

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21
Q

What is important in glycolysis to keep it going?

A

NAD+

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22
Q

What is needed to start the process of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

23
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA formation AND Krebs cycle
    small ATP yield
    pyruvic acid → CO2
    get more coenzymes!!
  2. ETC
    Big ATP payoff
    Coenzymes donate (H+) and (e-) to do the work and allow a ton of ATP to be made.
24
Q

Build relationship between:

Catabolic and Anabolic

A
  1. Catabolism, at its core, involves breaking down of complex molecules and releasing energy for the body to use.
  2. The anabolic process is the complete opposite of catabolism as it involves creating bigger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules. These are usually stored by the body for future use.
25
Q

Build relationship between:

Exergonic and Endergonic

A
  1. Exergonic gives off energy - used to fuel endergonic reactions that cost energy

ATP is the molecule whose burst of energy is used to couple an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction in energy coupling. ATP coupling provides that endergonic reaction with the potential to manifest now.

26
Q

Build relationship between:

Kinetic energy and Potential energy

A

Water behind a dam is potential energy

Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.

The primary relationship between the two is their ability to transform into each other. In other words, potential energy transforms into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy converts into potential energy, and then back again. It’s a never-ending cycle.

27
Q

What are the 3 big phases of cell respiration and where does each occur?

A
  1. Glycolysis / anaerobic metabolism - cytoplasm
  2. Krebs Cycle - mitochondrial matrix
  3. ETC - mitochondrial membrane
28
Q

What is needed to begin glycolysis / anabolic metabolism?

A

2 ATP

a. 6 carbons break down into 2 - 3 carbons
b. forms coenzyme NADH

29
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
net 2 ATP
2 - NADH.

30
Q

How many pyruvate are made for a single glucose?

A

2 pyruvates

31
Q

Where does CO2 come from in Krebs cycle?

A

ATP production

32
Q

Where is FADH2 produced?

A

Only in KREBS CYCLE

33
Q

Where is NADH produced?

A
  1. Krebs Cycle
  2. Glycolysis
34
Q

How many Krebs cycle are needed to process one glucose molecule?

A

Two cycles

one cycle for each pyruvate = 2 cycles

35
Q

Electronegativity –

A

measure of a substance to pull electrons towards itself

Highly electronegative pull electrons towards themselves

Not highly electronegative - do not have an attraction for electrons

36
Q

What is the protein that is in the ETC?

A

Cytochromes

37
Q

What do cytochromes contain?

A

Iron

38
Q

How are cytochromes organized in the membrane of the mitochondria?

A

In descending order according to its tendency to attract electrons

39
Q

Who has hydrogens and electrons to donate in the electron transport chain?

A

FADH2 & NADH

coenzymes that are going to donate electrons to the cytochromes

40
Q

What are varying in their electrical characteristics to attract electrons from FADH2 & NADH?

A

Cytochromes

41
Q

What happens when the electrons pass the protein - cytochrome?

A
  1. Energy is released and is used for the active transport of (H+) against its gradient from low to high.
  2. To increase the (H+) concentration in between the two mitochondrial membranes.
  3. which eventually drives the process of ATP synthesis
42
Q

What is the protein transporter that acts as an enzyme and builds ATP in the ETC?

A

ATP Synthase

43
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A
  1. It is fueled by (H+) that diffuses through the ATP Synthase
  2. Causing the molecular motor to spin
  3. As it spins, it grabs onto an ADP and a Phosphate ion
  4. Puts them together
  5. and Creates ATP
44
Q

How much ATP can be made by the ATP synthase in the ETC?

A

30-32 ATP

45
Q

What is the problem that you create after ATP synthase creates ATP?

A

Have a lot of electrons and hydrogens floating around

46
Q

How can you fix the problem that is created by the production of ATP in the ETC by the ATP synthase?

A

Electrons and Hydrogen+ are transferred and bind to O2 to produce WATER - H2O

47
Q

What can permanently bind to terminal cytochrome?

A

Cyanide

Fatal

48
Q

What is the benefit of lactic acid fermentation?

A

The ability to keep going with glycolysis

49
Q

What does the lactic acid do in the cell or bloodstream?

A

alters pH

50
Q

How does the lactic acid get out of cells?

A

diffuses out

51
Q

Where does lactic acid go to get processed?

A

Liver

52
Q

What does the liver do with lactic acid?

A
  1. Converts lactic acid back to pyruvate and glucose - which will require energy to do
  2. Oxygen debt in the liver
53
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

I am alive but not doing anything

  1. As SA to volume ratio increases, BMR increases
  2. Decreases with AGE
  3. Increases with temperature & Stress
  4. Males disproportionately high BMR
  5. Thyoxine increases O2 consumption, cell respiration, & BMR
54
Q

Total Metabolic Rate

A

How we behave - All additional activities/work

  1. Rate of Kilocare consumption to fuel all ongoing activities
  2. Increases with skeletal muscle activity and food digestion

BIO 233 (62 decks)

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