Ruminant Digestive I (17) Flashcards

Dr. Center

1
Q

In the ruminant, what are the muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep?

A

cutaneous trunci m.
external abdominal oblique m.
internal abdominal oblique m.
transversus abdominus m.
rectus abdominus m.

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2
Q

Besides the cutaneous trunci m., what is the most superficial muscle of the flank in the ruminant?

A

external abdominal oblique m.

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3
Q

External abdominal oblique m. fibers run which direction?

A

caudoventrally — to the linea alba

the most dorsal fibers will appear to run horizontally to the coxal tuber

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4
Q

Where does the external abdominal oblique m. arise from?

A

caudal aspect of the last 8 ribs (so, 13-8 = ribs 5-13?)

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5
Q

What muscle is directly deep to the external abdominal oblique m.?

A

internal abdominal oblique m.

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6
Q

Internal abdominal oblique m. fibers run which direction?

A

cranioventrally

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7
Q

Fibers of the internal abdominal oblique m. arise from the _______ and ________ of the ________

A

coxal tuber
pelvic tendon

external abdominal oblique m.

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8
Q

Where do internal abdominal oblique muscle fibers insert?

A

on the last rib and linea alba

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9
Q

Where does the transversus abdominis arise and insert?

A

arises from the last rib and the extremities of the lumbar transverse processes

inserts into an aponeurosis immediately dorsal to the rectus to join the linea alba, forming the inner rectus sheath

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10
Q

Transversus abdominus m. fibers run which direction?

A

dorsoventral

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11
Q

What does the rectus abdominis m. arise from?

A

the ventral surface of the last 10 ribs and travels caudally to pubic brim

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12
Q

In the ruminant, what are the most important nerves supplying the abdominal wall?

A

T13
L1
L2

gives complete block of abdominal wall

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13
Q

Each nerve is composed of a _____ and _____ branch

A

dorsal
ventral

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14
Q

Which direction do nerves run in relation to the lumbar transverse processes? How can you use the relative position of the nerves to your advantage for surgery?

A

caudoventrally

can palpate transverse processes - act as a great landmark

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15
Q

In the ruminant abdomen, the _____ takes up the majority of the left side

A

rumen

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16
Q

Label 1-5 parts of the rumen

A
  1. atrium ruminis
  2. dorsal sac of rumen
  3. caudodorsal blind sac
  4. caudoventral blind sac
  5. ventral sac of rumen
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17
Q

What is the “entryway” of the rumen?

A

atrium ruminis

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18
Q

What structures can be visualized on the right ruminant abdomen?

A

omasum
greater omentum
abomasum
descending duodenum
liver

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19
Q

Label 1-4 of the right ruminant abdomen

A
  1. greater omentum
  2. omasum (covered by lesser omentum)
  3. abomasum
  4. pyloric part of abomasum
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20
Q

Which structure of the ruminant abdomen is up more cranially and therefore harder to rectally palpate?

A

reticulum

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21
Q

Where does the rumen extend?

A

from the cardia (half way up to the 8th rib) to the pelvic inlet

from the floor of the abdomen to the ceiling

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22
Q

T/F: The rumen does not go past the midline, staying primarily on the left side

A

FALSE - stretches over to the midline, especially caudally and ventrally to the right flank

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23
Q

The rumen fills the entire [right/left] side

A

left

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24
Q

What structures acts as openings to the blind sacs, caudodorsal and caudoventral, to the rumen?

A

dorsal coronary pillar
ventral coronary pillar

25
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. reticular groove
  2. cranial pillar
  3. ruminoreticular fold
  4. ruminal atrium
  5. right accessory pillar
26
Q

The reticulum is pressed up against the ______

A

diaphragm

27
Q

What are the rumen pillars/grooves?

A

longitudinal pillar (right and left)
cranial pillar
caudal pillar
ruminoreticular fold
recessus ruminis
atrium ruminis (atrium of the rumen)

28
Q

What are the boundaries of the reticulum?

A

cranial: by diaphragm and liver

ventrally: by abomasum

caudally: by rumen

laterally: by abdominal wall

29
Q

The mucosa of the reticulum forms a ______ pattern

A

honeycomb

30
Q

The reticulum is relatively [larger/smaller] in small ruminants

A

larger

31
Q

What is the reticular groove?

A

a bounded gutter leading from the esophagus and cardia&raquo_space; ventrally to the fundus and opening of the omasum

32
Q

What is another word for esophageal groove?

A

reticular groove

33
Q

What is the purpose of the reticular groove?

A

unweaned animal: the groove takes the shape of a tube to direct material directly into the omasum and abomasum

bypasses the rumen

34
Q

Where is the omasum found?

A

on the right side of the abdomen within the intrathoracic portion

35
Q

What is the omasum bounded by?

A

the rumen and reticulum on the left

and the liver and body wall on the right

36
Q

The omasum is found externally between the right ____ and ____ ribs

A

8th
11th

typically out of reach rectally but can be ausculted through the body wall

37
Q

What are functions of the omasum?

A

water absorption
volatile fatty acid and electrolyte absorption
filtering particles small enough to reach the abomasum

38
Q

The mucosa of the omasum looks like ______

A

pages of a book

39
Q

The abomasum is primarily on the [right/left] side and lies flexed on the floor of the abdomen, embracing the __________

A

right

lower pole of the omasum

40
Q

The proximal and distal ends of the abomasum are fixed in place at the _____ and ______, respectively

A

omasum (proximal)

lesser omentum (distal)

41
Q

What is the distal end of the abomasum called? What does it do?

A

pylorus of the abomasum

communicates with the descending duodenum

42
Q

Which nerve coordinates gastric contractions? Damage along this nerve leads to _______

A

vagus nerve

vagal indigestion

43
Q

The dorsal vagal trunk primarily supplies the _____

A

rumen

44
Q

The ventral vagal trunk primarily supplies the ______

A

reticulum (NONE of the rumen)

45
Q

The vagus nerve approaches the _____ by way of a dorsal and ventral vagal trunk based on their relation to the _______

A

stomach

esophagus

46
Q

What is the cause of displaced abomasums?

A

abomasum can fill with fluid and/or gas and rise to the left or right side of the rumen

47
Q

What structure is the primary stomach chamber in ruminant neonates?

A

abomasum — largest

remember: rumen is not functional at first hence the reticular groove leading to the omasum and abomasum

48
Q

The small intestines in the ruminant lie almost entirely on the [right/left] side of the abdomen

A

right

49
Q

The cranial-most portion of the ruminant small intestines lie under the ______

A

ribs

50
Q

Initially, the duodenum courses ______ towards the liver, but then turns _____ when it gets to the level of the _______

A

dorso-cranially
caudally
coxal tuber

51
Q

Where can the duodenum be seen used for displacement surgeries?

A

high flank incision - should be traveling horizontally

52
Q

What is the path of digesta in the ruminant starting at duodenum?

A

duodenum —> jejunum —> ileum (ileocecal fold) —> cecum —> proximal ascending colon —> spiral colon —> distal ascending colon —> transverse colon —> descending colon

53
Q

Which turn of the spiral colon does this arrow represent? Where does it go?

A

centrifugal turn of the spiral colon

distal ascending colon

“get the f- out”

54
Q

Which turn of the spiral colon does this arrow represent? Where does it go?

A

centripetal turn of the spiral colon

centrifugal turn, came from proximal ascending colon

55
Q

T/F: The liver can be palpated easily during an abdominal exploratory as a solid organ immediately cranial to a high right flank incision

A

TRUE - and edges should be sharp

56
Q

Where does the liver lie?

A

deep to the ribs from the ventral third of the 6th intercostal space to the upper part of the last rib

right side!

57
Q

Where can one percuss to asses the ruminant liver?

A

11th intercostal space where it makes direct contact with the body wall

58
Q

The liver is held in place by ligaments attaching it to the ______

A

diaphragm