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Comparative > Urogenital II (20) > Flashcards

Urogenital II (20) Flashcards

Dr. Center

1
Q

What is the vulva? It is located [dorsal/ventral] to the anus

A

the exterior opening of the reproductive tract

ventral

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2
Q

Where is the labia located?

A

laterally by the labia on either side that meet dorsally and ventrally to the commissures

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3
Q

How should a normal vulva be oriented?

A

dorsal to ventral
in vertical fashion

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4
Q

T/F: Swelling of the vulva is always indicative of pathology

A

FALSE - can be a normal sign of estrus

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5
Q

What is the perineum? What is in it?

A

the area ventral to the tail and

dorsal to the ventral commissure of the vulva

the vulva

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6
Q

What is assessed in a breeding soundness exam in mares?

A

the conformation of the vulva

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7
Q

What is considered poor conformation in a breeding soundness exam?

A

vulva being recessed towards the anus

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8
Q

Which species is breeding soundness exams considered more important?

A

mares

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9
Q

What is a windsucker, i.e. pneumovagina? Which species? What surgery corrects this?

A

conformational defect of the mare

the vulvar lips do properly appose, allowing air to be sucked into the vagina

Caslick’s surgery

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10
Q

Which vaginal conformation can lead to fecal contamination of the vagina?

A

windsucker

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11
Q

Which is the nerve of importance during an epidural?

A

pudendal nerve

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12
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve provide innervation to? Sensory/motor/both?

A

sensory: rectum, internal, and external reproductive, and perineal skin

motor: striated perineal musculature

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13
Q

The pudendal nerve arises from the ______ in ruminants and the _____ in horses

A

ruminants: S2-S4

horses: S[2]3-S4

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14
Q

Where are caudal epidurals placed?

A

sacrococcygeal space (S5-C1)

or the first coccygeal space (C1-C2)

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15
Q

Where do caudal epidurals provide analgesia to?

A

the tail, vagina, vulva, anus and rectum

also caudal prepuce in males

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16
Q

Which kind of epidural is used for procedures involved using the cranial abdomen?

A

lumbosacral epidural given within the lumbosacral space

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17
Q

Which spaces do 1 and 2 indicate?

A
  1. sacrococcygeal space
  2. lumbosacral space
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18
Q

What are the internal structures of female genitalia?

A

ovary
uterine tube
uterine horn
uterine body
cervx
vagina

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19
Q

Label the numbers

A
  1. ovary
  2. uterine tube
  3. uterine horn
  4. uterine body
  5. cervix
  6. vagina
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20
Q

What is the proper ligament of the ovary?

A

holds ovary in place to uterine horn

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21
Q

What is the significance of the vaginal part of the cervix in mares?

A

where cervix protrudes into vaginal vault

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22
Q

What is 1’?

A

proper ligament of the ovary

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23
Q

What separates the vagina and vestibule?

A

urethral orifice

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24
Q

Label 6, 7, 8, 9, 9’, and 10

A
  1. vaginal part of the cervix
  2. fornix
  3. vagina
  4. vestibule
    9’ wall of the vestibule
  5. vulva
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25
Q

What is the caudal-most portion of the internal reproductive tract, connecting the vagina to the vulva?

A

vestibule

26
Q

What is the vestibule bounded cranially by? Caudally?

A

cranially: external urethral orifice

caudally: clitoris

27
Q

The clitoris is located near the ________ of the vulva

A

ventral commissure

28
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the “clitoral wink” that happens during urination or estrus of mares?

A

clitoral retractor muscle

vulvar constrictor muscle

29
Q

The vagina is mostly composed of _____ tissue

A

aglandular

30
Q

T/F: The lumen of the vagina is typically closed

A

TRUE

31
Q

What is found immediately cranial to the vagina?

A

cervix

32
Q

Define the cervix

A

a glandular, sphincter-like muscle

composed of smooth muscle: changes tone, size, color, and secretions depending on the dominant hormone expressed at the time

33
Q

What does the cervix excrete?

A

copious amounts of mucus

34
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

acts as the final line of defense of the uterus against contamination

35
Q

What suspends the uterus in the abdomen?

A

the mesometrium of the broad ligament

36
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

mesometrium
myometrium - longitudinal
vasculature
myometrium - circular
endometrium

37
Q

Which part of the uterus aids in expelling the fetus at parturition?

A

mesometrium

38
Q

What uterine infection is common in cattle?

A

endometritis

39
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

a fold of peritoneum responsible for suspending the female reproductive tract within the abdomen

mesometrium
mesosalpinx
mesovarium

40
Q

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

A

encompasses the uterine tube

41
Q

What is the function of the mesovarium?

A

attaches the ovary to the dorsolateral abdominal wall

42
Q

What is the function of the mesometrium?

A

attaches the uterine body and horns to the dorsolateral body wall

43
Q

Which portion of the broad ligament contains the uterine vessels?

A

mesometrium

44
Q

Blood supply to the uterus is found within the _____

A

mesometrium

45
Q

What is fremitus?

A

vibration felt in the middle uterine artery during pregnancy in cows

46
Q

How do uterine vessels course?

A

cranially along the sides of the uterus and uterine horns until they anastomose with the uterine branches of the ovarian arteries and veins

47
Q

Describe pigs and carnivores regarding uterine horns and body

A

long horns

shorter body

adapted for litter bearing

48
Q

Describe mares regarding uterine horns and body

A

have relatively short horns, similar in length to the uterine body

49
Q

Describe ruminants regarding uterine horns and body

A

long horns

short bodies

ends of the uterine horns are coiled back under themselves

50
Q

In the ruminant, the uterine horns are bounded cranially by the _______

A

intercornual ligament

51
Q

Contrast the mare and cow differences at the cervix

A

mare: straight line

cow: definite spiral

52
Q

Where are mare ovaries located?

A

lie caudal to the kidneys in the sublumbar region

easier to find

53
Q

Where do sow and ruminant ovaries lie?

A

the pelvic inlet

further caudal and smaller; “free floating”

54
Q

T/F: The location of the ovaries may vary slightly depending on the body condition of the animal or if other pathologies are present

A

TRUE

55
Q

What acts as a landmark for the reproductive tract?

A

urinary bladder

56
Q

Describe the mare cervix

A

simple

bulges into the vagina, forming a distinct vaginal recess

57
Q

Describe the ruminant and sow cervix

A

have long cervixes with transverse folds that interdigitate with each other

58
Q

What is the significance of the transverse folds of the sow and ruminant cervix interdigitating with each other?

A

it effectively closes the cervix during any time outside of estrus and parturition

59
Q

How do you find the cervix via rectal palpation?

A

sweep the floor of the rectum just cranial to the anus

60
Q

Ovaries of the mare are [larger/smaller] in mares than in cattle. Where do you find them?

A

larger

found on either side of the pelvis

61
Q

Porcine c-sections are performed in [standing position/dorsal recumbency/lateral recumbency]. What incision?

A

lateral recumbency with the left leg lifted

paramedian incision

62
Q

The ruminant c-section is typically done in [standing position/dorsal recumbency/lateral recumbency] in the ________. Why?

A

standing position

left flank

the rumen prevents viscera from being pushed out during contraction

Comparative (37 decks)

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