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Comparative > Urogenital III (21) - End E2 > Flashcards

Urogenital III (21) - End E2 Flashcards

Dr. Center

1
Q

What is the orientation of the stallion scrotum?

A

oriented horizontally

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2
Q

What is the orientation of the ruminant scrotum?

A

oriented vertically, pendulous

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3
Q

What is the orientation of the boar scrotum?

A

oriented vertically, held tight to the body

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4
Q

What is a fibroelastic penis? Which species?

A

high connective tissue content

will remain firm even when not erect

ruminant and boar

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5
Q

What is a musculocavernous penis? Which species?

A

low connective tissue content

will be flaccid when not erect

horses and carnivores

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6
Q

Is this a musculocavernous or fibroelastic penis?

A

musculocavernosus

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7
Q

Is this a musculocavernous or fibroelastic penis?

A

fibroelastic

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8
Q

When assessing the testicles in bulls during a breeding soundness exam, what is normal?

A

testes equal in size

should be firm but not squishy

should move freely within the scrotum and be oriented vertically

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9
Q

When assessing the testicles in stallions during a breeding soundness exam, what is normal?

A

testes should move freely within the scrotum

the scrotal skin should be soft and pliable

testes should measure at least 8cm wide

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10
Q

What is this structure?

A

urethral process of bull or ram

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11
Q

What structure on the penis should be broken down around the time of birth. If still present, which precautions should you take?

A

frenulum

do not breed this animal

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12
Q

Where are the testicles located before descent?

A

caudal to the kidneys (caudal pole of the kidneys)

retroperitoneal between the peritoneum and body wall

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13
Q

What passes ventrally through the inguinal canal into the scrotum before the testicle and epididymis?

A

the gubernaculum (attached to the caudal pole of the testicle)

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14
Q

What is this image illustrating?

A

the descent of the testicles

originates at the caudal pole of the kidneys and makes its way to the scrotum by passage through the inguinal canal

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15
Q

As the testicle moves through the inguinal canal, it picks up the ______ and _______ of the inner and outer abdominal wall. These then become the ______ once outside the abdomen

A

parietal peritoneum
fascial layers

vaginal tunic

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16
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

the potential space between the flesh of the internal abdominal oblique and the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

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17
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring found?

A

the free edge of the internal abdominal oblique

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18
Q

Where is the superficial inguinal ring found?

A

lies between the pelvic and abdominal tendons of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle

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19
Q

The gubernaculum after it descends becomes the ______

A

scrotal ligament

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20
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. testicle
  2. gubernaculum
  3. vaginal process
  4. testicular artery
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21
Q

When do testicles descend for ruminants and pigs?

A

before birth

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22
Q

When do testicles descend for carnivores?

A

slightly after birth

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23
Q

When do testicles descend for horses?

A

10-14 days before or after birth

24
Q

Where do spermatozoa mature into mature sperm?

A

head and body of the epididymis

25
Q

What is the deferent duct?

A

continuation of the epididymis for transportation of sperm

26
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

coil of testicular veins around the testicular artery

draws heat away from the artery to cool down before reaching the testicle

27
Q

What is the mesorchium?

A

the serosal fold connecting the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics

28
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. body of the epididymis
  2. head of the epididymis
  3. pampiniform plexus
29
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum

may be bilateral or unilateral

30
Q

Which species commonly experiences cryptorchidism?

A

horses
pigs

31
Q

What are the 3 types of cryptorchidisms?

A

inguinal
descended epididymis
complete abdominal

32
Q

What is inguinal cryptorchidism?

A

undeveloped testicle found within the inguinal canal, or just outside the superficial inguinal ring

most common

33
Q

What is descended epididymis cryptorchidism?

A

tail of the epididymis and the ductus deferens are located within the inguinal canal, but the testicle is within the abdomen

34
Q

What is complete abdominal cryptorchidism?

A

testicle and epididymis lie within the abdominal cavity

35
Q

How do you diagnose cryptorchidism?

A

often be done by palpating the inguinal rings via the inguinal region

or rectally - in stallions and bulls

36
Q

Complete abdominal cryptorchids require ______

A

abdominal surgery

37
Q

Label the cryptorchidisms

A
  1. inguinal cryptorchidism
  2. descended epididymis cryptorchidism
  3. complete cryptorchidism
38
Q

What is castration?

A

removal of the gonads (testis or ovaries)

39
Q

What are the types of castration?

A

open
closed

40
Q

What does open castration mean?

A

refers to the opening of the vaginal cavity and thus the peritoneal cavity

41
Q

What is the penile anatomy for ruminants?

A

sigmoid flexure
retractor penis m.
preputial skin

42
Q

In the ruminant, where is the most common place for urethral calculi?

A

sigmoid flexure

43
Q

What is the significance of the retractor penis m. in the ruminant?

A

must relax to expose the penis for examination or treatment

44
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. sigmoid flexure
  2. retractor penis m.
  3. preputial skin
45
Q

In the ruminant, the _____ portion of the penis may be palpated rectally to assess for possible obstructions.

A

pelvic portion

46
Q

Surgically, the portion of the penis immediately [proximal/distal] to the pelvic portion can be accessed through the _____, ventral to the anus

A

distal

pelvic portion

47
Q

Occasionally uroliths may become lodged in the ______, making necessary in bull/ram

A

urethral process

48
Q

What is the penile anatomy for the stallion?

A

glans penis
urethral process
fossa of the glans
preputial ring

49
Q

The glans penis of the stallion is the ______

A

terminal end

50
Q

Where is the urethral process of the stallion?

A

just at distal portion of urethral opening

51
Q

What is the significance of the fossa of the glans in the stallion?

A

traps smegma which builds up to form the bean

52
Q

What is the significance of the preputial ring in the stallion?

A

in some horses may be constricted leading to phimosis

53
Q

What is the preputial diverticulum in the boar?

A

becomes filled with cell debris soaked in urine over time

blind sac dorsal to preputial opening - is disgusting

may look like a hernia

54
Q

What are the accessory sex glands associated with?

A

associated with the urethra and add the liquid portion of the ejaculate

55
Q

From caudal to cranial, what are the organs you palpate in a male?

A

bulbourethral gland
urethralis m
prostate gland
vesicular gland

56
Q

T/F: The accessory sex glands can be palpated rectally

A

TRUE - glands should be assessed for symmetry and should not be overly sensitive

be sure to palpate ALL accessory glands

Comparative (37 decks)

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