UNIT 3 - KA5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe what is meant by pathogen

A

A pathogen is a bacterium, virus or other organism that can cause disease

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2
Q

What are the three lines of defence against infection by a pathogen

A

1- physical and chemical barriers to infection
2- non specific cellular defences
3- specific cellular defences

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3
Q

Explain the term non - specific in relation to immunity

A

This type of immunity is directed against any pathogen/cell- doesn’t matter what it is

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4
Q

Describe how epithelial surfaces offer physical protection against pathogens.

A
  • epithelial cells form a physical barrier
  • closely-packed epithelial cells are found in the skin and inner lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
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5
Q

Which type of secretions are produced against invading pathogens

A

Chemical secretions are produced against invading pathogens

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6
Q

Which chemical secretions are produced against invading pathogens

A

Secretions include tears, saliva, mucus and stomach acid

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7
Q

How does the body response to a physical injury or invasion by microorganisms

A

When the body suffers from physical injury such as cut and/or invasion by microorganisms, it responds with a defence mechanism called the inflammatory response

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8
Q

Which cells initiate the inflammatory response

A

A group of immune cells called mast cells are responsible for initiating this response

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9
Q

What chemical is released by mast cells during the inflammatory response

A

Histamine is released by mast cells during the inflammatory response

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10
Q

What are the two effects of histamine on the body

A
  • causing blood vessels (small arteries) in the injured area to vasodilate
  • blood capillary walls become more permeable (leaky)
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11
Q

What are the benefits of increased blood flow and capillary permeability during the inflammatory response

A

The increased blood flow leads to an accumulation of phagocytes and clotting elements at the site of infection.

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12
Q

The inflammatory response - summary

A

Histamine is released by mast cells causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. The increased blood flow leads to an accumulation of phagocytes and clotting elements at the site of infection.

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13
Q

What do phagocytes do to pathogens

A

Phagocytes recognise pathogens and destroy them by phagocytosis

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14
Q

Brief description of the process of phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis involves the engulfing of pathogens and their destruction by digestive enzymes contained in lysosomes

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15
Q

What do phagocytes release

A

Phagocytes release cytokines which attract more phagocytes to the site of infection

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16
Q

What are cytokines

A

Cytokines are protein molecules that act as a signal to specific white blood cells causing them to accumulate at the site of infection