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1.2 Human Biology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are 6 functions of the skeleton

A

support, body movement, protection, storage of minerals, blood cell production, fat storage

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2
Q

what bone protects the brain

A

the cranium

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3
Q

what bone protects the spinal cord

A

vertebral column

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4
Q

where are haemopoietic stem cells found?

A

red bone marrow

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5
Q

what is the difference between bone marrow in babies and adults?

A

babies have only red bone marrow- yellow marrow is produced over time due to a decrease in erythropoietin

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6
Q

what minerals are stored in the bones

A

99% of body’s calcium, 85% of phosphate, 50% of magnesium

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7
Q

give an example of a hormone which regulates and maintains mineral levels in the bones

A

parathyroid hormone

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8
Q

what function has yellow marrow in the body?

A

can store fat- has adipose cells which can store triglycerides

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9
Q

what are the two divisions of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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10
Q

describe the bone structure of the skull

A

8 cranial and 14 facial bones. cranial bones fuse after 12-18 months

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11
Q

describe the structure of the sternum

A

flat and dagger shaped, located in the mid chest

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12
Q

describe the structure of the ribs

A

thin, flat and curved. 24 bones in 12 pairs

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13
Q

write a note on the three categories that the ribs are divided into

A

true ribs- are the first seven bones and they go all around the chest diameter. False ribs are the next 3 pairs and these are not connected directly to the sternum (coastal cartilage). Last two are floating ribs- protect the kidneys and do not cover the whole chest

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14
Q

how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column

A

33

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15
Q

name the 5 categories of the vertebral column

A

cervical vertebrae, throracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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16
Q

what is the function of the cervical vertebrae

A

support the head and neck - flexible framework

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17
Q

what is the function of the throacic vertebrae

A

move with the ribs and form the rear anchor of the rib cage- larger than the cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom

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18
Q

what is the function of the lumbar vertebrae

A

support most of the body’s body weight, attach to many back muscles and are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column

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19
Q

what is the function of the sacrum

A

triangular bone located below the lumbar vertebrae- composed of 4-5 bones in a child which fuse in adulthood (age 26). forms the back of the pelvic girdle and is able to move with it.

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20
Q

how many bones are in the coccyx

A

3-5 bones fused together in adults

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21
Q

what are between the vertebrae

A

intervertebral discs (fibrous cartilage)

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22
Q

what is included in the term “upper extremities”?

A

the arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna) and the hand which has 27 bones- wrist (carpels), palm (metacarpals) and five fingers (phalanges)

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23
Q

what bones are included in the term “lower extremities”

A

thigh (femur), leg (fibula and tibia), kneecap (patella) and foot which has 26 bones including 7 tarsel bones, metatarsels and phalanges

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24
Q

what 4 bones make up the pectoral/shoulder girdle

A

two clavicles and two scapulae

25
Q

What bones make up the pelvic/hip girdle?

A

2 coxal bones (made up of ilium, ischium, & pubis - fused in adults)

26
Q

Where do the 2 coxal bones meet?

A

Either side of the sacrum, connected by the pubis symphysis

27
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, sesamoid bone, irregular bone

28
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Longer than they are wide, act as lever, upper & lower extremities

29
Q

What is a short bone?

A

Short, cube shaped, wrists and ankles

30
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Broad surface - protection and connection to muscle - ribs, cranium, shoulder girdle

31
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Small round bone embedded in tendon - reinforce and decrease stress - knee, thumb, big toe

32
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Various shape & size - vertebrae, skull

33
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A

A long shaft (diaphysis) & 2 bulky ends (epiphysis)
Outer consists of compact bone, inner consists of spongy bone(bone marrow), medullary cavity

34
Q

What is bone matrix made of?

A

25% organic matrix (osteoid) (90% Type-I collagen & 10% proteins such as glycoprotein, osteocalcin, proteoglycans
50% inorganic material (salt) - Ca2+ supports & hardens
25% water

35
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

Connective tissue - widely separated living bone cells embedded in a matrix of collagen fibres, mineral salts (needle-shaped crystals) in a semisolid gel

36
Q

What are the mineral crystal in bones made of?

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

37
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Highly organised, made of tubular units (osteons) containing osteocytes in lacunae arranged in concentric rings around the central canal, matrix between lacunae, tiny canals called canaliculi run through matrix and connect lacunae

38
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Higher surface area, irregular structure, less dense, softer, weaker and less stiff - ends of long bones, proximal to joints & interior of vertebrae - highly vascular, red bone marrow (site of hematopoiesis) - units called trabecula

39
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Cavity where bone cells are found

40
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Thin membranes

41
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Narrow canals connecting lacunae

42
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Structural unit of a bone cell

43
Q

What is a periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer

44
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Spongy, porous, soft tissue

45
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

Location of nerves and capillaries

46
Q

What are Volkmann’s canal?

A

Perpendicular to Haversian canal

47
Q

What are the 5 bone cells?

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone-lining cells

48
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Respond to trauma (fractures), gives rise to osteoblasts and osteoclasts

49
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells - synthesise & secrete unmineralised ground substances - found in areas of the bone with high metabolism

50
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells from osteoblasts - maintain healthy bone tissue - enzyme secretion and control the release of calcium from bone to blood

51
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large cells that break down bone - important for growth, healing, & regeneration

52
Q

What are bone-lining cells

A

Derived from osteoblasts, regulates the movement of calcium & phosphate in & out of the bone

53
Q

How long does it take for the skeleton to replace itself?

A

7 years

54
Q

Why is bone broken down and replaced?

A

Minerals transported to other parts of the body, in response to stress (weight-bearing exercise=stronger bones)

55
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous ossification (direct ossification of embryonic connective tissue) & Endochondral ossification (replacement of hyaline cartilage)

56
Q

What are the stages of intramembranous bone formation?

A
  1. increased vascularity
  2. Proliferation of mesenchymal cells (give rise to osteogenic cells > osteoblasts)
  3. Osteoblasts lays down to osteoid (organic part of bone)
  4. Osteoblasts either retreat or become trapped as osteocytes in osteoid
  5. Osteoid calcifies (inorganic salts deposit as fine crystals in an orderly fashion in collagenous fibres) to form spicules of spongy bone. Spicules unite to form trabeculae.
  6. Periosteum & compact bone formed
57
Q

What are the stages of endochondral ossification?

A

(most bones)
1. Hyaline cartilage model develops in foetus - replaced by bone development
2. cartilage breaks down in centre of diaphysis - now surrounded by periosteum
3. Osteoblasts invade & create a primary ossification centre - spongy bone first laid down
4. Compact bone laid down - osteoclasts create medullary cavity
5. At birth, secondary ossification centre forms at epiphysis - spongy bone
6. Band of cartilage remains between primary and secondary ossification sites (growth plates) - bones keep growing until plates ossify

58
Q

Describe bone repair.

A
  1. Haematoma forms from blood from ruptured vessels within 6-8 hours
  2. Fibrocartilage fills the space in 2-3 weeks
  3. Bony callus forms - osteoblasts produce the trabeculae of spongy bone - joins bone after 3 months
  4. Osteoblasts remodel & osteoclast form new medullary cavity

1.2 Human Biology (17 decks)

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