Ch 8 Summary

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells;

Question 2

Malignant tumour

Answer 2

can invade surrounding structures and spread to distant sites via the blood and lymphatic system, producing additional tumours

Question 3

A malignant cell

Answer 3

divides without regard for normal growth.

Question 4

As tumours grow,

Answer 4

they produce signs or symptoms that are determined by their location in the body.

Question 5

Two in five Canadians:

Answer 5

will develop cancer in their lifetime

Question 6

Lung cancer

Answer 6

kills more people than any other type of cancer. Tobacco smoke is the primary cause.

Question 7

Five Risk Factors on Cancer:

Answer 7

Smoking
Lack of Fruits & Vegetables
Physical Inactivity
Obesity
Alcohol

Question 8

Hyperplasia

Stages of Tumor Development

Answer 8

Altered cell and its descendants look normal, but continue to reproduce too much.

Question 9

Dysplasia

Stages of Tumor Development

Answer 9

After additional mutations, the descendants of the altered cells may be abnormal in shape.

Dysplasia may or may not develop into cancer

Question 10

In Situ Cancer:

Stages of Tumor Development

Answer 10

is diagnosed if the abnormal cells are found only in the location they first formed.

Question 11

Localized invasive tumor:

Stages of Tumor Development

Answer 11

Abnormal cells may gain the ability to invade nearby tissues

Question 12

Metastases

Stages of Tumor Development

Answer 12

tumor spreads via the blood or lymphatic vessel to travel to distance parts of the body and establish new tumors.

Question 13

Lung cancer

Answer 13

kills more people than any other type of cancer (both men and women)

Tobacco smoke is the primary cause.
Diagnosed CT scan or X-ray

Question 14

Colon and rectal cancer

Answer 14

are linked to age, heredity, obesity, and a diet rich in red meat and low in fruit and vegetables.

Most colon cancers arise from preexisting polyps.

Question 15

Breast cancer

Answer 15

affects about one in eight women in Canada.

Although breast cancer has a genetic component, diet and hormones are also risk factors.

Diagnosed through mammogram or ultrasound

Question 16

Prostate cancer

Answer 16

is chiefly a disease of aging; diet and lifestyle probably are factors in its occurrence.

Early detection is possible through rectal examinations and sometimes ultrasound.

Question 17

Cancers of the female reproductive tract

Answer 17

include cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer.

The Pap test is an effective screening test for cervical cancer.

Question 18

Skin Cancers

Answer 18

Abnormal cellular changes in the epidermis, often a result of exposure to the sun, cause skin cancer, as does chronic exposure to certain chemicals.

Skin cancers occur as:
1. basal cell carcinoma, (deep)
2. squamous cell carcinoma (surface),
3. melanoma (mole)

Question 19

Oral cancer

Answer 19

caused primarily by smoking, excess alcohol consumption, and use of spit tobacco.

Oral cancers are easy to detect but often hard to treat.

Question 20

Testicular cancer

Answer 20

can be detected early through self-examination.

Question 21

Mutational damage

Answer 21

to a cell’s DNA can lead to rapid and uncontrolled growth of cells;

mutagens include:
radiation, viral infection, and chemical substances in food and air.

Question 22

Cancer-promoting dietary factors

Answer 22

include meat, certain types of fats, and alcohol.

Question 23

Diets high in fruit and vegetables:

Answer 23

are linked to a lower risk of cancer

Question 24

Other possible causes of cancer include:

Answer 24

inactivity and obesity
certain types of infections
chemicals, and radiation.

Question 25

Self-monitoring and screening tests

Answer 25

that are recommended by your physician are essential to early cancer detection.

Question 26

Methods of cancer diagnosis include

Answer 26

magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasound.

Question 27

Treatment methods

Answer 27

usually consist of some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Question 28

Strategies for preventing cancer

Answer 28

avoiding tobacco; eating a varied, moderate diet and controlling weight; exercising regularly; protecting skin from the sun; avoiding exposure to environmental and occupational carcinogens; and getting recommended cancer screening tests.